to the opposite. Of the German writers mentioned above, Abeken alone gives a fair and discriminating estimate. Forsyth's Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero should be read by every student. Boissier's Cicero and his Friends is sure to be very helpful. Fausset is rich in extracts from the most famous speeches, and shows us Cicero through his works. Church's Roman Life in the Days of Cicero gives an excellent picture of the social conditions surrounding the orator, and puts the learner in the proper environment. For Cicero's place and value as a writer, the various histories of Roman literature should be consulted. For secondary school purposes, Cruttwell's is perhaps the best. It should not be forgotten that the proper study of Cicero requires a large amount of collateral reading, and teachers should demand all that is possible in that direction. B.C. XIV. CHRONOLOGY OF THE LIFE OF CICERO. 106. Cicero born at Arpinum, January 3. 90. Puts on the manly gown (toga virilis). 81. Delivers his first extant speech. 80. Defense of Roscius. 79. Cicero goes to Greece to study. 77. Returns to Rome. 75. Serves as quaestor in Sicily. 70. Impeachment of Verres. 69. Curule aedile. 68. Extant correspondence begins. 66. Praetor. Oration for the Manilian Law. 65. First conspiracy of Catiline. 63. Consul with Antonius. Second conspiracy of Catiline. Orations against Catiline. 62. Oration for the poet Archias. 58. Driven into exile by the bill of Clodius the Tribune. Caesar begins the conquest of Gaul. 1 57. Recalled from exile. 53. Cicero elected augur. 51. Proconsul of Cilicia. 50. Returns to Italy. 49. Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Cicero goes over to Pompey and joins him in Epirus. 48. Battle of Pharsalus and death of Pompey. Cicero returns to Italy. 47. Pardoned by Caesar and returns to Rome. 46. Divorces Terentia and marries Publilia. Oration for Marcellus. 45. Death of Tullia. Divorces Publilia. 44. Assassination of Caesar on the Ides of March. Begins his Philippics against Antony. 43. Finishes the Philippics. Killed by order of Antony, De cember 7. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC.1 I CITIZENS AND CITIZENSHIP. a. The Patricians and Plebeians. b. The Senatorial Order. c. The Equestrian Order. e. The Libertini. f. The Municipal Towns and Colonies. The Patricians and Plebeians. 1. Rome was a republic, but all its citizens did not enjoy the same civil rights. At first there were no class distinctions. The citizens, known as patricians, all alike had a share in the management of the state. Afterward the strangers who had flocked to Rome, or had been transferred thither from conquered cities, created a new class known as plebeians. They had no civil rights, but were oppressed and arrogantly governed by the patricians. 2. As the plebeians increased in numbers, wealth, and importance, they rebelled against the ruling class and demanded more civil rights. The history of the first centuries of Roman civil government is the history of the struggle between these two parties, the patricians striving to retain their ancestral powers, the plebeians slowly but surely wresting them away. The issue of the contest was that after 300 B.C. the plebeians could fill any 1 See Gow's Companion to School Classics; Mommsen's Römisches Staatsrecht, Becker and Marquardt, Römische Altertümer, Vol. II. xl |