Vico: The First New ScienceCambridge University Press, 11 lug 2002 - 302 pagine The First New Science gives a clear account of Vico's mature philosophy: the belief that certain functions which are necessary for the maintenance of human society and culture, including philosophy, also condition them historically. This challenges the traditional view that philosophy can lay claim to an historically independent viewpoint, thus bringing into question the legitimacy of the claims of universal prescriptive political theories as against the de facto political beliefs of particular historical societies. This is the first of Vico's later major books in which he wrote in Italian in order not merely to expound but to demonstrate in practice, his conception of the philosophical importance of etymology. This 2002 Cambridge Texts edition is the first complete English translation of the 1725 text. Accompanied by a glossary, bibliography, chronology of Vico's life and expository introduction, it makes this important work accessible to students for the first time. |
Sommario
I Reasons for our meditation on this work | 9 |
II Meditation on a New Science | 11 |
III The defect of such a Science if based upon the maxims of the Epicureans and Stoics or the practices advocated by Plato | 12 |
IV This Science is meditated on the basis of the Roman jurisconsults idea of the natural law of the gentes | 13 |
V The defect of such a Science if based upon the systems of Grotius Selden or Pufendorf | 14 |
VI Reasons why this Science has hitherto been lacking among the philosophers and philologists | 18 |
from sacred history | 20 |
VIII The difficulty of discovering the progress or continuity proper to this Science | 21 |
LIX LX The discovery of new kinds of anachronism and of new principles for their correction | 128 |
LX LXI New historical principles of geography | 130 |
LXI LXII The discovery of the great principle of the propagation of the nations | 134 |
LXII LXIII The discovery of the principle of the colonies and provinces and of Roman Latin and Italic law | 135 |
LXIII LXIV The discovery of the mode of the overseas heroic colonies | 138 |
LXIV LXV The discovery of the first origin in this Science | 141 |
LXV LXVI The origins of recondite wisdom are discovered to lie within those of vulgar wisdom | 142 |
LXVI LXVII The idea of a civil history of inventions in the sciences disciplines and arts | 143 |
IX The difficulty of discovering the origins of humanity from the philosophers | 22 |
X The difficulty of discovering the origins of humanity from the philologists | 25 |
XI The necessity to seek the principles of the nature of nations by means of a metaphysics raised to contemplate a certain common mind of all the pe... | 30 |
XII On the idea of a jurisprudence of mankind | 31 |
XIII The severe difficulties of discovering the mode of mens first ideas | 32 |
THE PRINCIPLES OF THIS SCIENCE CONCERNING IDEAS | 35 |
Introduction | 37 |
I The first principle of the nations is Providence | 38 |
II The rule of the world of nations is vulgar wisdom | 39 |
IV The natural order of human ideas of an eternal justice | 40 |
V The natural order of human ideas of a universal justice | 44 |
VI The natural order of gentile human ideas of divinity through which depending upon whether they have been kept distinct or communicated the n... | 45 |
VII The natural order of ideas concerning the law of the nations as it proceeds through their own religions laws languages marriages names arms and ... | 48 |
A practical test comparing the results of our reasoned principles with the vulgar tradition that the Law of the Twelve Tables came from Athens | 57 |
VIII The idea of an ideal eternal history in accordance with which the histories of all nations proceed through time with certain origins and certain co... | 66 |
IX The idea of a new critical art | 67 |
through certain kinds of evidence synchronous with the times in which the gentile nations were born | 68 |
through certain kinds of medals belonging to the first peoples with which the Universal Flood is demonstrated | 69 |
through physical demonstrations which prove that the first origin of profane history lay in the giants and that profane history is continuous with sacre... | 71 |
by interpreting the fables in the light of physics it is discovered that the principle of idolatry and divination common to the Latins Greeks and Egypti... | 73 |
with metaphysical proofs through which it is discovered that the whole theology of the gentiles owes its origins to poetry | 75 |
XV Through a metaphysics of mankind the great principle of the division of the fields and the first outlines of kingdoms are discovered | 76 |
XVI The origin of nobility is discovered | 79 |
XVII The origin of heroism is discovered | 81 |
This New Science proceeds through a morality of mankind from which the limits within which the customs of the nations proceed are discovered | 82 |
XIX This New Science proceeds through a politics of mankind from which it is discovered that the first governments in the state of the families were ... | 83 |
XX The first fathers in the state of the families are discovered to have been monarchical kings | 84 |
XXI The first kingdoms in the state of the cities are discovered to have been heroic | 85 |
XXII The principle of heroic virtue | 86 |
XXIII The principles of all three forms of republic | 87 |
XXV The discovery of the first families that include others than just their children | 88 |
XXVII The discovery of the first duels or the first private wars | 89 |
XXVIII The origin of the genealogies and the nobility of the first gentes | 90 |
XXIX The discovery of the first asylums and of the eternal origins of all states | 91 |
XXX The discovery of the first clienteles and the first outlines of surrender in war | 92 |
XXXII The point at which the heroic republics were born from the clienteles | 93 |
XXXIII The discovery of the first forms of peace and the first tributes in the two oldest agrarian laws which are the respective sources of natural law ... | 94 |
XXXIV The discovery of the heroic republics that were uniform among the Latins Greeks and Asians and of the different origins of the Roman asse... | 95 |
XXXV The discovery of the heroic or aristocratic nature of the Roman kingdom | 97 |
XXXVI The discovery of the truth concerning the Law of the Twelve Tables as the basis of the greater part of the law government and history of Ro... | 101 |
XXXVII The eternal principle of human governments in the free republics and the monarchies | 107 |
XXXIX The discovery of the divine nature of the first natural law of the gentes | 108 |
XLI Optimum law as the principle of revenge and the origin of heraldic law | 109 |
XLII The law of the bond as the origin of obligations and the first outlines of reprisals and slavery | 110 |
XLIII The religious aspect of the first laws of the nations | 111 |
XLV The discovery that ancient Roman law was wholly heroic and the source of Roman virtue and greatness | 112 |
XLVI The discovery that human law is the final law of the gentes | 116 |
XLVII A demonstration of the truth of the Christian religion and a criticism of the three systems of Grotius Selden and Pufendorf | 117 |
XLVIII The idea of a jurisprudence of mankind that changes through certain sects of times | 118 |
XLVIII XLIX The jurisprudence of the sect of superstitious times | 119 |
XLIX L The discovery of the secrecy of the laws uniform in all the ancient nations | 120 |
LI LII The jurisprudence of the sect of heroic times in which the origin of the legitimate acts of the Romans is discovered | 121 |
LIII LIV The discovery of the causes of the belief that the Law of the Twelve Tables came from Sparta | 123 |
LIV LV The jurisprudence of the sect of human times and the principle of the benign jurisprudence of the last Romans | 124 |
LV LVI The discovery of the causes of the belief that the Law of the Twelve Tables came from Athens | 125 |
LVII LVIII New historical principles of astronomy | 126 |
LVIII LIX The idea of a reasoned chronology of the obscure and fabulous times | 127 |
LXVII LXVIII Determination of the eternal point of the perfect state of the nations | 145 |
THE PRINCIPLES OF THIS SCIENCE CONCERNING LANGUAGE | 147 |
Introduction | 149 |
II New principles of poetry | 151 |
IV The first principle of the divine poetry ie the theology of the gentiles | 152 |
V The discovery of the principle of the poetic characters that constituted the vocabulary of the first gentile nations | 153 |
VI The discovery of the true poetic allegories | 155 |
VII The idea of a natural theogony | 156 |
Seven principles of the obscurity of the fables Principle I Concerning poetic monsters | 158 |
Concerning confusion in the fables | 159 |
Concerning the impropriety of the fables that derives from new ideas | 160 |
Concerning the impropriety of the fables that derives from new words | 161 |
XV Important discoveries concerning the law of war and peace resulting from the foregoing principle of poetry | 164 |
Concerning the obscurity of the fables the secrecy of divination | 168 |
XVII XVIII The discovery of three ages of heroic poets up to Homer | 170 |
XVIII XIX A demonstration of the truth of the Christian religion | 172 |
XX XXI Of the divine wisdom and art of Homer | 173 |
XXI XXII How principles of recondite wisdom came to be discovered in the Homeric fables | 175 |
XXII XXIII The mode in which the first language among the nations was born divine | 177 |
XXIII XXIV The mode of birth of the first natural languages ie those with natural signification | 179 |
XXIV XXV The mode in which the second language of the nations was born heroic | 180 |
XXV XXVI The mode in which the poetic language that has come down to us was formed | 181 |
XXVI XXVII Further principles of poetic reason | 183 |
XXVII XXVIII The discovery of the true origin of the heroic emblems | 185 |
XXVIII XXIX New principles of the science of blazonry | 188 |
XXIX XXX The new discovery of the origins of the family ensigns | 189 |
XXX XXXI Further origins of military ensigns | 194 |
XXXII The heroic origins of the distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece and the royal blazon of France | 196 |
XXXI XXXIII Further principles of the science of medals | 197 |
XXXII XXXIV The language of arms through which the principles of the natural law of the gentes of the Roman jurisconsults are explained | 198 |
XXXIII XXXV The necessity of the language of arms for understanding barbaric history | 204 |
XXXIV XXXVI Concerning the third part of poetic language words of settled meaning | 206 |
XXXV XXXVII The discovery of the common origins of all the articulate languages | 207 |
XXXVI XXXVIII The discovery of the true causes of the Latin language and by analogy of all the others | 208 |
XXXVII XXXIX The discovery of the origins of song and verse | 213 |
XXXVIII XL The idea of an etymologicon common to all native languages | 216 |
XXXIX XLI The idea of an etymologicon of words of foreign origin | 217 |
XL XLII The idea of a universal etymologicon for the science of the language of the natural law of the gentes | 218 |
XLI XLIII The idea of a dictionary of mental words common to all nations | 220 |
THE GROUND OF THE PROOFS THAT ESTABLISH THIS SCIENCE | 225 |
THE FINAL BOOK | 231 |
Introduction The order of development of the subject matter through which a philosophy of humanity and a universal history of the nations are form... | 233 |
I The uniformity of the course that humanity takes among the nations | 234 |
II The origins of this Science found in two Egyptian antiquities | 235 |
III The origins of this Science found within those of sacred history | 236 |
IV Supplement on antediluvian history | 237 |
V Compendium of the obscure history of the Assyrians Phoenicians and Egyptians | 238 |
VII The uniformity of the age of the gods among the ancient gentile nations | 254 |
VIII The age of the Greek heroes | 255 |
IX The uniformity of the age of the heroes among the ancient nations | 262 |
X The age of men | 268 |
CONCLUSION OF THE WORK | 271 |
INDEX | 275 |
I Vulgar traditions | 277 |
II General discoveries | 287 |
| 291 | |
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accordance ancient nations aristocratic arms arose auspices barbaric basis believed bestial bond born called causes celebrated Chapter Cicero cities civil claim common concerning customs decemvirs demonstrated discovered discovery divine earlier Egyptians Etymologicon expression fables families fathers finally footnote gentes gentile gentile nations Giambattista Vico giants gods Greece Greek Grotius Grotius's Hebrews Hence Hercules Hermodorus heroes hitherto Homer idea imagined impious Italian Italy Jove jurisconsults jurisprudence justice kind kingdoms kings lands language later Latin Latium liberty Livy mankind marriage meditate metaphysics mind monarchies natural law necessity nobles origins ownership philologists philosophers Plato plebeians plebs poetic poetry poets political principles Providence Pufendorf Pythagoras reason recondite wisdom referred religion republics Roman history Roman jurisconsults Roman law Rome Romulus sacred history Science Scythia sense Servius Tullius settled meaning signify sovereign Spartans Tacitus things true truth Twelve Tables usucaption Vico Vico's whole words of settled Zoroaster
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