4. Contrary to the English usage, hic is generally used to refer to a preceding statement or example; ille to a following one: as,

That [which I have just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is a greater: [namely] that, etc., hoc magnum est argumentum, sed illud majus, quod, etc.

5. Hic often corresponds with our here, the present; ille to our there; and iste, yonder (by you): as, 1. Caius Cæsar here, hic C. Caesar.

2. Those benches yonder (by you), ista subsellia.

3. The present (now living) Mucius Scævola, hic Mucius Scaevola.

6. The demonstrative pronoun regularly agrees in gender and number with a predicate appositive if there is one: as,

This is the toil, this the task, hic labor hoc opus est.

7. The intensive ipse is usually put in the case of the subject, even where the real emphasis appears to be on the object: as,

1. You praise yourself over much, ipse te nimium laudas. 2. This thing is sufficient in itself, haec res per se ipsa satis est.

N.B. The distinction between the intensive ipse and the reflexive se- both rendered in English by "self" - requires to be carefully observed (see § 20, 2. e, N.). Ipse often expresses even, very, or just: as,

1. This very thing, hoc ipsum.

2. It is just three years, tres anni ipsi sunt.

Exercise 6.

1. Æneas carried with him into Italy his son Ascanius and the sacred Penates of-Troy.1 He was kindly received by Latinus, king of the country, and married

1 Adjective.

his daughter Lavinia. 2. All philosophers, and among them Epictetus, were banished from Rome by Domitian. 3. The ancients regard this [as] true riches, this [as] a good reputation and great renown. 4. While1 all arrogance is hateful, at-the-same-time1 that of genius and eloquence is by-far the most offensive. 5. Diseases of the mind are more dangerous than those of the body. 6. The self-same Cato, the Censor, thus discourses in that very book of Cicero on Old Age. 7. When I listen-to Cicero, I desire to write down his orations, so greatly they delight me. 8. Romulus killed with his own hand Acron, king of Canina, and dedicated his arms to Jupiter. 9. Upon 2 the death of Numa an interregnum again followed; but soon after Tullus Hostilius was elected king. His reign was as warlike as that of Numa had been peaceful. 10. Servius, the sixth king of Rome, gave his two daughters in marriage to the two sons of Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius and Aruns. The former was proud and haughty; the latter, unambitious and quiet. II. This was the third and last attempt [on the part] of the Tarquinii; for by this victory 5 the Latins were completely humbled, and Tarquinius Superbus could apply to no other state for assistance. He had already survived all his family, and he now fled to-Cumæ,1 where he died a wretched and childless old man.

1 cum... tum.

2 Ablative. 3 Dative. 4 Accusative. 5 Use clades (see p. 121, cc).

Lesson 8..

Pronouns. 3. Relative.

1. REVIEW § 48 (rule of Agreement), reading carefully the Note; together with sub-sections, 1, 2, 4.

NOTE. - A relative word used as in English, merely to introduce a descriptive fact, is as simple in construction as a demonstrative, and requires no special rule. Several classes of relative clauses in which the mood of the verb is affected (see § 69, 2) will be treated hereafter.

N.B. Relative words include relative Pronouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs; with the indefinites quisquis and quicumque, whoever.

2. The relative is never to be omitted in Latin, though it often is in English. Thus, —

1. The book you gave me, liber quem mihi dedisti. 2. I am the man I always was, is sum qui semper fui. 3. He is in the place I told you of, eo in loco est de quo tibi locutus sum.

3. The relative is often used in Latin where other constructions are used in English; particularly where we should use a participle, appositive, or noun of agency: as,

1. The book entitled Brutus, liber qui dicitur Brutus.

2. The existing laws, leges quae nunc sunt.

3.

The men of our day, homines qui nunc sunt.

4. Cæsar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar qui Galliam vicit. 5. True glory the fruit of virtue, justa gloria qui est fructus virtutis.

4. In formal or emphatic discourse, it is often better to place the relative clause first; and in such cases it usually contains the antecedent noun: as,

Those evils which we suffer with many seem to us lighter, quae mala cum multis patimur ea nobis leviora videntur.

5. When the antecedent noun is in apposition with the main clause or some word in it, it is to be put in the relative clause: as,

Steadfast friends, a class of which there is great lack, firmi amici, cujus generis est magna penuria.

6. A relative is constantly used in Latin when English uses a demonstrative with and or but: as, 1. And since these things are so, quae cum ita sint.

2. But if they hesitate or are unwilling, qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur.

7. When the word As is used in English as a relative, it must be rendered in Latin by the relative pronoun, adjective, or adverb which corresponds to its demonstrative antecedent: as,

1. The same thing as, eadem res quae.

2. Such (men) as, ei qui.

3. Such a leader as we know Hannibal to have been, talis dux qualem Hannibalem novimus.

4. There were as many opinions as men, quot homines tot erant sententiae.

Exercise 7.

1. Tiberius Gracchus was by birth 1 and marriage 2 connected with the noblest families in the Republic: grandson of the conqueror of Hannibal, son-in-law of the chief of the Senate, and brother-in-law of the destroyer of Carthage. 2. Quintus Silo, a Marsian, and Caius Papius Mutilus, a Samnite, who cherished an hereditary hatred against the Romans, were chosen consuls. 3. Sulla with his army was then besieging Nola, a town which was still held by the Samnites. 4. Rome was now exposed to great danger; for those who had been her most faithful friends now rose against her. 5. A day shall come when sacred Troy shall perish. 6. The terms which the general proposed seemed intolerable to the Carthaginians. 7. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus were the sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, whose measures gave tranquillity 2 Adfinitas (plur.).

1 Propinquitas (plur.).
Lit. "of him who destroyed."

• Repeat the noun.

2

1

3

to Spain for so many years. They lost their father at an early age. But they were educated with the utmost care by their mother Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus the elder, who had inherited from [her] father a love of literature, and united in herperson the severe virtue of the Roman matron with a superior knowledge and refinement, which then prevailed in 10 the higher-classes 11 at-Rome.12 She engaged for [her] sons the most eminent Greek teachers; and from the pains she took 13 with 14 their education they surpassed all the Roman youths of

their age.

1 per. ▲ studium.

i doctrina.

floreo.

10

apud.

5 habeo conjunctam.

• Neuter plural.

11 nobiles. 12 Adjective. 13 "Take pains," operam dare.

14 Dative.

Lesson 9.

Pronouns: Interrogative and Indefinite.

REVIEW § 21, 1. with a (forms of the Interrogative Pronoun). These forms, including quisnam, who? (emphatic), and uter (see § 16, 1.b), which of two? are used much as in English. Thus,

I. Who is the man? Quis est homo?

2. What a man he was! Qui homo erat!

3. What do you find fault with? Quid reprehendis? 4. What plan of his do you find fault with? Quod consilium ejus reprehendis?

5. Which eye aches? Uter oculus dolet?

6. Which finger hurts? Qui digitus dolet?

7. Who is it? (emph.)

8. Who in the world

(pray who) is it?

}

Quisnam est? Quis tandem est? (The latter a little stronger.)