dearly purchased, and altogether unprofitable. At length Manius Curius Dentatus, who had in his first consulship won two triumphs, was again placed at the head of the Roman commonwealth, and sent to encounter the invaders. A great battle was fought near Beneventum, in which Pyrrhus was completely defeated.

4. Cato was an unfeeling and cruel master. His conduct towards his slaves was detestable. After dinner he would often severely chastise them, thong in hand, for some trifling act of negligence, and sometimes condemned them to death. When they were worn out or useless, he sold them or turned them out of doors. He treated the lower animals no better. His war-horse, which had borne him through his campaign in Spain, he sold in-that-country.1 In his old age he sought gain with increasing eagerness, but never attempted to profit by the misuse of his public functions. He accepted no bribes, he reserved no booty to his own use; but he became a speculator, not only in slaves, but in buildings, artificial waters, and pleasure-grounds. In this, as in other points, he was a representative of the old Romans, who were a money-getting and money-loving people.

2

Lesson 20.

Verbs. -2. The Passive Voice.

I. LEARN § 23, 3 (use of the Passive); § 35, 1. b (gerundive of Deponents); § 40, b (second Periphrastic Conjugation).

·Review § 51, 4. a, b (dative of Agent); § 54, 4 (ablative of Agent).

2. The Passive in Latin is often employed where in English we prefer the Active. The principal cases are the following:

a. The Impersonal use of neuter verbs in the passive (compare § 39, c; and Method, Lesson 20, Obs. 3): as,

1. They live on plunder, ex rapto vivitur.

2. They fought fiercely on both sides, acriter utrimque pugnatum est.

b. This impersonal use is the regular way of representing the English passive, where the corresponding Latin verb does not govern the accusative (see § 51, 2. ƒ): as,

1. The commander is relieved (by the appointment of a successor), imperatori succeditur.

2. I am persuaded that this is true, mihi persuasum est hoc esse verum.

3. These things are done more easily than they are resisted, facilius haec fiunt quam his resistitur.

4. This subject was much discussed, de hac re multum disputatum est.

5. Let the influence of friends be employed, and when employed obeyed, amicorum auctoritas adhibeatur et adhibitae pareatur.

c. The most common way of expressing the English ought, must, and the like, is by some form of esse with the Gerundive, which in this construction is always PASSIVE, no matter which voice is used in English (compare § 73, 2. Note): as,

1. Nobody is to be blamed, nemo culpandus est.

2. We must do every thing, omnia nobis sunt facienda. 3. All must die, omnibus moriendum est.

4. We must resist old age (or old age must be resisted), senectuti resistendum est.

d. When the Subject of the action is indefinite, the Latin generally prefers the passive construction (compare a, above): as,

1. Men do not gather grapes from thorns, ex sentibus uvae non percipiuntur.

2. We do ill whatever we do from confidence in fortune, male geritur quicquid geritur fortunae fide.

e. Many neuter verbs in English are rendered in Latin by reflexives or by the passive: as,

1. Hens roll in the dirt, gallinae in pulvere volutantur. 2. He rides on the Appian Way, in via Appia vehitur. 3. Codrus is bursting with envy, invidia rumpitur Codrus. 4. He turns to his lieutenant, ad legatum se vertit (or, vertitur).

3. On the other hand, an active construction is often preferred in Latin, where the passive is used in English. This happens

a. In cases where the emphasis is on the Object of an action, or the action itself, rather than on the Agent; because the emphasis can be given in Latin (though not in English) by position. Thus

1. Socrates was put to death by his fellow-citizens, Socratem cives sui interfecerunt.

2. Egypt is watered by the Nile, and Mesopotamia made fertile by the Euphrates, Aegyptum Nilus irrigat, Mesopotamiam fertilem efficit Euphrates.

b. As most deponent verbs have no passive, the active construction must frequently be used for the English passive: as,

1. He is most admired who is not influenced by money, quem pecunia non movet eum homines maxime admirantur.

2. We should not mourn a death which is succeeded by immortality, non lugenda est mors quam immortalitas consequatur.

c. In a few cases, instead of the regular passive in Latin, a neuter verb of kindred meaning is employed: as,

1. To add, addere; to be added, accedere.
2. To destroy, perdere; to be destroyed, perire.
3. To sell, vendere; to be sold, venire (veneo).
4. To flog, verberare; to be flogged, vapulare. ̧

4. When the present passive in English denotes a completed action, it is generally represented by the perfect in Latin; but when it denotes an action in

progress, or a general fact, we must use the present.

Thus

1. The enemy are beaten, hostes victi sunt.

2. He is loved by his friends, diligitur ab amicis.

3. Among the Parthians the signal is given by a drum, apud Parthos signum datur tympano.

REMARK.

Care must be taken in rendering the confused or disguised forms of the passive in English: as,

1. The house is building, domus aedificatur (but, he is building a house, domum aedificat).

2. While these things are being done, dum haec geruntur.

5. When a verb in the active voice is followed by two cases (with or without a preposition), the accusative of the direct object becomes the subject of the passive, the other case being retained as in the active construction. Thus (compare examples on p. 37)—

1. Crassus is not envied for his wealth, Crasso divitiae non invidentur.

2. Verres is charged with extortion, Verres repetundarum reus fit.

3. Cato is asked his opinion, Cato rogatur sententiam.

REMARK. - The use of a second accusative in this construction is found chiefly with rogo, posco, and celo.

Exercise 19.

says

1. We must resist old age, my friends, Cicero in the book entitled1 Cato Major, — and its failings must be made good by pains-taking. We must fight against old age as against disease. Regard must be paid to health. Moderate exercise should be employed, a sufficiency of food and drink must be taken.2 Not only the body needs to be bolstered-up, but the mind and soul much more; for these too die out through old age.

2. "Even now," said Cæsar, "we may 1 return; if we cross the bridge, arms must decide the contest." At that moment of suspense 2 [there] appeared suddenly the figure of a youth, remarkable for comeliness and stature, playing on a pipe, the emblem of peace and security. The shepherds who were about the spot began to mingle with the soldiers and straggle towards him, captivated by his simple airs; when with a violent movement he snatched a trumpet from one of the military band,3 rushed with it to the bank of the river, and blowing a furious blast of martial music, leaped into the water, and disappeared on the opposite side. "Let us advance," exclaimed Cæsar," where 5 the gods direct, and our enemies invite us. Be the die cast!"

3. A conspiracy against the life of Cæsar had-beenformed in-the-beginning-of-the-year. Many of the conspirators had fought in the war against Cæsar; and had not only been pardoned by him, but raised to offices of rank and honor. Among others was Marcus Junius Brutus, whom Cæsar had pardoned after the battle of Pharsalia, and had since treated almost as a son. He was now persuaded by Cassius to-join the conspiracy, and imitate his ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, the liberator 10 of Rome from the tyranny of the Tarquins. They now resolved 11 to assassinate the Dictator in the Senate-house on the Ides of March. Rumors of the plot got abroad, and Cæsar was strongly urged not to attend the session of

9

9

9ut, with imper. subj. 10 Lit. "who," &c. 11 Impers. passive.