4. Interfecit Caesarem M. Brutus Ciceronis amicus. Here the emphasis is thrown on the fact of killing: compare 5. Interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspitiones C. Gracchus.- CIC. Cat. I. 2 (see the passage). 6. Romae summum otium est. Here Rome is contrasted with Syria, which Cicero had just spoken of. Lesson 2. Rules of Agreement.-1. Apposition. REVIEW § 46, 1, 2; Learn a, b, c. Observe that in Latin simple apposition is often used where in English we use as, of, when, or even a separate clause: thus, 1. I come to help you, adjutor tibi venio. 2. To treat Cicero as a friend, Cicerone amico uti. 3. To regard the gods as immortal, deos aeternos habere. 4. The city of Rome, Roma urbs. 5. I remember seeing when a boy, puer memini videre. 6. Publius and Lucius Scipio, P..et L. Scipiones. 7. Cato used to tell in his old age, Cato senex narrabat. 8. Fabius in his second consulship (when he was second time consul), Fabius consul iterum. N.B. In the following Exercises, words in brackets are to be omitted in the Latin. Proper Names of the first or second declension are not given in the Vocabulary, except where the spelling is different in English. Exercise 1. 1. The consul Caius1 Flaminius defeated the Insubrians.2 The next consuls, Scipio and Marcellus, con 1 Prænomens (as Caius) are always to be abbreviated (see § 15, 4). The name must here precede the title. 2 Insubres. tinued the war. Marcellus slew Viridomarus, chief of the Insubrians, and Scipio his colleague took Milan, their chief town. 2. Give this message1 to Tarquinius, your king. 3. O father Tiber, take me [into thy charge] and bear me up. 4. We have sworn together, three hundred noble youths, against Porsena. 5. Bocchus was gained over to the Roman cause by Sulla, the quæstor of Marius. 6. The consul Publius Rupilius brought the Servile War to an end by the capture of Tauromenium and Enna, the two strongholds of the insurgents. 7. Sempronia, the only sister of Tiberius Gracchus, was married to the younger Scipio Africanus. 8. The next year, Lucius Cornelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus, and Caius Lælius, the intimate-friend of the latter,2 were consuls. 9. The Illyrians were a nation of pirates. 10 The she-wolf acted [as a] mother. II. The Academy introduced a new [branch of] knowledge [viz.] to know nothing. 12. Demetrius, an unprincipled Greek, surrendered to the Romans the important island [of] Corcyra. 13. Marius and Cicero were born at Arpinum, a free-town of Latium. 'Literally, "Report these [things]." 2 idem. Lesson 3. Rules of Agreement. -2. The Verb. I.. REVIEW § 49 (the general rule of agreement). Learn the sub-sections I with a, b; 2. a, b. NOTE. The correspondence of the verb with its subject (called agreement) is nearly the same in most languages, though obscured in English by the loss of the inflectional endings. The peculiarities of Latin use are given in the sub-sections cited above. The most important of these is the regular omission of the personal pronoun of the first or second person as subject (the pronoun being contained in the verb-ending 1), also of the third person whenever it is plain from the context. Hence the rule 2. The personal pronoun is never to be expressed in Latin, except when required for emphasis or precision. 3. A single idea is very often expressed in Latin by two nouns connected by a conjunction (hendiadys). In this case the singular verb is the usual form: as, There is a continued series of events, est continuatio et series rerum. 4. The following examples show the most frequent Latin usages: — 1. Fannius and Mucius came to their father-in-law, Fannius et Mucius ad socerum venerunt. 2. Neither Ælius nor Coruncanius thought so, nec Aelius nec Coruncanius ita putabat. 3. Balbus and I held up our hands, ego et Balbus sustuli mus manus. 4. If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are well, si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. 5. Water and earth remained, aqua restabat et terra (more rarely aqua et terra restabat). 6. I say, aio; they say (people say), aiunt. 7. I strongly approve of Epicurus, for he says, &c., Epicurum valde probo, dicit enim, etc. 8. Rational instruction prescribes, ratio et doctrina praescribit. N.B. The periphrastic forms of the verb come properly under the treatment of Adjectives, and are included in the next Lesson. 1 So sometimes in old English or in poetry: as, Did'st ever see the like? (Taming of the Shrew, iv. 1). So the phrases, thank you, pray come, &c. Exercise 2. 1. Catulus in the Senate, and Cato in the forum, hailed Cicero [as] the father of his country. 2. Cicero calls Athens the inventress of arts. 3. The army of Hannibal lived luxuriously at Capua, a beautiful city of Campania.1 4. We avoid death as-if a dissolution of nature. 5. Many ancient peoples worshipped the dog and cat [as] gods. 6. The swallow, harbinger of Spring, had now appeared. 7. Marcus Manlius, the preserver of the capitol, came forward [as] the patron of the poor. 8. The censors, Crassus and Mænius, created two new tribes, the Ufentine and Falerian. 9. Quintus and I2 shall set sail to-morrow; you and Tiro will wait [for] us in the harbor. 10. Honor and shame from no condition rise. II. To you, [my] son Marcus, belongs the inheritance of my glory and the imitation of my deeds. 12. Never is danger overcome without danger, as they say. 13. The exigency of the occasion3 demands severity. 14. The mad-scheme of Saturninus and the discredit of Marius gave-new-strength to the Senate. Rules of Agreement. - -3. Adjectives. I. LEARN § 47 (the general rule of agreement); also sub-sections 1 and 2, with a, b. NOTE. — As adjectives are not inflected at all in English, the beginner is required to pay constant attention to the rule. The only special difficulties likely to arise are when the same adjective belongs to two nouns, especially when these are of different genders. As to these, the principles stated in 2, with a and b, will in general be a sufficient guide. 2. The participial forms in the compound tenses, as well as other participles, are treated in construction as adjectives: as, 1. Cæsar and Bibulus were elected consuls, Caesar et Bibulus consules creati sunt. 2. Tullia is dead (or died), Tullia mortua est. 3. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est. 4. Virginius and his daughter were left alone before the judgment-seat, Virginius et filia ejus soli ante tribunal relicti sunt. 5. The wife and little son of Regulus embraced him as he departed, Regulum discedentem uxor et parvus filius amplexi sunt. Exercise 3. 1. Brutus, the deliverer of his country, and Collatinus the husband of Lucretia, were chosen first consuls at Rome. 2. Disunion and distrust were created among the allies by the Julian law. 3. Herculaneum and Pompeii1 have been preserved to our times. 4. The entire Senate and Roman people went out to meet2 Cicero on his return from exile. 5. All sensible [people] had become alarmed at the mad-conduct of Saturninus. 6. Valerius commanding the foot, and Brutus being appointed to head the cavalry, went out to meet Tarquin on3 the Roman borders. 7. My uncle and myself, having returned to Misenum, passed an anxious and doubtful night. 8. Manlius during-hisabsence had been elected consul a second time. 9. Pompey, having marched into Syria, deposed Antiochus, and made the country a [Roman] province. 10. The conspiracy against Caesar's life was set-onfoot by Caius Cassius Longinus, an enemy [of] his. 1 Supply urbes in apposition. • Obviam with dative, following egredi. 3 Lesson 17, h. Rem. |