TITI LIVII

HISTORIARUM ROMANARUM

LIBRI QUI SUPERSUNT.

NOTAE AD PRAEFATIONEM.

1-5. It is hard to say whether my work will be of any value, for two reasons: (1) I may be no better than previous historians in matter or style. (2) Early Roman History is considered so tedious and uninteresting. To myself however it is a great pleasure to do something for the commemoration of my country's exploits, and to turn to early times from the dreadful scenes of the recent Civil War.

1. facere operae pretium either (1) to do what is worth doing,' as here, or (2) to value their exertion,' 27, 17, 14.

ausim, old form for 'ausus sim;' only used in hesitating assertions, and in prose writing, except once (Liv. 6, 40, 5) only in negative sentences.

quippe qui, inasmuch as I see that it is both an old and hackneyed thing to say so (i.e. that their work will be of value), new writers always believing, &c.' For this use of 'dum,' cf. 8, 40, 4, 'vitiatam memoriam, funebribus laudibus reor falsisque imaginum titulis dum familia ad se quaeque famam rerum gestarum honorumque fallenti mendacio trahunt.

nobilitate, renown.'

4. quac supra

repetatur, which begins more than seven centuries back." Compare with this paragraph Thuc. I. 22, rò μn μvoŵdes αὐτῶν ἀτερπέστερον φανεῖται, which shows the difference between the Greek and Latin mind.

5. curae, anxiety lest he should cause offence in writing about contemporary persons and events.

scribentis, 'if one did write that history.'

traduntur.

6. Quae The events related to have happened before the building of the city was effected or purposed, which are more suited to romantic stories than to veritable history.' Weiss takes' decora' 'adorned with,' but acknowledges that the other is the more usual sense in Livy; cf. 42, 5.

7. consecrare

auctores, to refer their first beginnings to heaven and ascribe them originally to the gods.'

8. haud goes with 'magno' not 'ponam,' as it does not usually qualify verbs. 9. mihi, ethical dative. 'I would have every reader, &c.' cf. Hic tibi rostra Cato advolat. Then you have Cato flying to the rostrum.' Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5.

disciplina, 'tone of morality (Seeley.)

lapsi sunt, sinking'

desidentes metaphor from a building whose foundations give way. remedia, the reforming measures of Augustus.

'tottered,'

10. illud, pred. 'this is just that healthful, &c.'

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inde... foedum, supply some word like aspicias' out of capias.' 11. civitatem, attracted into the case of the relative, for 'nec civitas fuit in quam, &c.' cf. 1, 3. in quem primum egressi sunt locum.

avaritia luxuriaque, the disposition to greed and excessive indulgence.' 'luxus' is the excessive indulgence itself."

12. desiderium, a longing for them,' (viz. pleasures) owing to excessive indulgence and the wild desire of destroying themselves and all things else.' 'pereo' stands for the middle voice of 'perdo.'

forsitan, used parenthetically; otherwise it would take the sub

junctive.

1.

NOTAE AD LIBRUM I,

1. duobus, dat. commodi, ' in favour of two.' The usual construction after 'abstinere' is either the abl. simply, or with ab. cf. for the dative, 'solstitium pecori defendite.' Verg. E. 7, 47.

vetusti of long standing.

2. casibus deinde váriis, ' their fortunes diverging from this point.'

3. locum, attracted into the case of the relative. Pref. 11.

Troiano, usual construction. His name is Caius,' may be either

(1) Ei Caius nomen est, or (2) Ei est Caio nomen.

cf. c. 34, 3.

appellati, sense const. with a noun of multitude.

4. ab, in consequence of.' majora rerum initia, This is called hypallage. We should expect the adj. to agree with rerum;' but 'rerum initia' is regarded as one idea. cf. violati hospitii foedus. 9, 13.

Macedoniam ... Siciliam. Æneas is said to have founded Enea, the most westerly town in Chalcidice, and Egesta, in Sicily. Wherever we hear of Æneas landing, we find a temple to Aphrodite. Now, the name Eneas seems closely connected with this worship; perhaps it is an epithet of the goddess. Dionysius twice mentions temples of 'Appodern Aivelas (Seeley, Pref. xx).

Laurentem, Verg. makes Æneas land more to the N. at the mouth of the Tiber.

tenuisse, supply cursum.' utrumque tene. Ov. M. 2, 137.

cf. medio tutissimus ibis . . Inter

5. Troiae. The MSS. read Troia. Madvig corrected it.
immenso prope, go closely together; for immensus' 'infinite.'

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7. unde....cxissent. Note in questions how the Latins often use disjunctive when we use copulative conjunctions.

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8. urbi. All the MSS. except M. read urbis.' Frey attempts to show that the dat. means simply for founding a city;' but the gen. site of the city's foundations,' supposed to be already fixed upon by fate.

9. fuisse in hospitio, compare in caritate atque hospitio esse. 39, 6. 10. affirmat, helps to confirm.'

11. stirps means sometimes origin,' ancestor;' sometimes, as here, offspring. cf. c. 3, 1. There is another form of the nominative, stirpis,'

2.

3.

1. Turnus. His name looks like Tuppŋvós Etruscan. Vergil, to oppose

him to Æneas, makes him of Greek descent, from Danaë.

3. Latinum amisere. The Latin heroes do not, like the Greek, die, but are no more seen (nusquam apparuerunt): Festus tells us Latinus became Jupiter Latiaris, just what is told of Æneas below.

Caere must be dat.; for if it were the abl. of place, we should require in opulento tum oppido.' Riddle and White give the word as indeclinable.

socia, proleptic.

5. Fretusque, 'que'' accordingly,' 'the result was.'

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Secundum, favourable.'

Situs est. The regular inscription on tombstones was, 'hic situs est." quemcunque ... est. The Romans were very much afraid of calling gods by a wrong name. cf. in Horace, Matutine pater seu Iane libentius audis.'

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lovem indigitem, indiges, from 'indo,' old form of 'in,' and root gen. (gigeno, gigno, genus, &c.) The dii indigetes were the 'inborn,' protecting gods of the country, closely connected with definite localities; the pwes ETIXOρioi, xóvior of the Greeks. Preller, p. 83, thinks that this 'indiges' was originally the river-god of the Numicus, but when Eneas came to be regarded as the founder of Lavinium, the cultus was transferred to him.

1. stetit was maintained for the boy,'

2. hicine fuerit Ascanius, whether this was the Ascanius whom under the name of (eundem) Iulus.'

nuncupat, mostly used in law language of formal declarations. cf. 4, 2. 3. multitudine = 'population.'

Longa Alba. The unusual position of the adj. tends to emphasize it. 4, Lavinium, supply, 'conditum.'

inter, during a woman's guardianship, &c.'
rudimentum, feeble essays.'

6. Silvius. According to the oldest legends Romulus was considered the grandson of Æneas; but when it was discovered that the Greeks fixed the fall of Troy at 1184 B.C., to fill up this gap to 754 B.C. the long line of Alban kings was elaborated. It first appears in Alexander Polyhistor, a writer of the time of Sulla.

7. creat, cf. Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis. Hor. Ode 4, 4, 29. Priscis Latinis, hi, qui priusquam conderetur Roma, fuerunt (Festus). They were called prisci,' afterwards, to distinguish them from the Latin communities beyond the bounds of Latium.

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cognomen, used for 'nomen,' for Silvius is a gentile name. The 'praenomen' is the name of the individual (e.g. Publius), the 'nomen,' the name of the 'gens,' or clan. (e.g. Cornelius), the cognomen, the name of the particular family (e.g. Scipio), the 'agnomen,' the surname derived from some distinction (e.g. Africanus).

8. Tiberinus. The root Preller (511 note) says, is Tib or Tif found in many Italian words Tibur, Tifata, and means a mountain torrent.' If we accept the derivation of Albula (which is connected with Alpes and Elbe) from a Keltic word meaning mountain, both the words will have the same

4.

5.

meaning. Curtius, however (Gk. Et. No. 399) connects all these words with albus'' white.'

9. per manus tradidit, 'handed down in regular succession.' cf. traditaeque per manus religiones, 5, 51, 4.

10. maximus, so we might say 'the eldest,' even when speaking of only two brothers.

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11. Reae, a genuine Italian word voti rea,' the devoted,' or 'consecrated one.' Schwegler explains Rhea Silvia as = the Idaean Rhea, ("dŋ = silva). Horace and other poets call her Ilia.

legisset, 'capere,' is sometimes used in the same sense.

1. debebatur,' was due to,' 'is to be ascribed to the fates,' against which man strives in vain.

2. incertae,' unfathered.'

3. datur. The original meaning of 'do,' is 'to place,' connected with the I.E. root dha, seen in Gk. Oeival. It appears quite plainly in 'abdo,' (to put away, hide), 'condo,' to put together, finish, complete, 44, 2.

4. Forte quadam an divinitus. In the MSS. 'an,' is omitted. If so translate, By some chance it providentially happened that.' To men it seemed a chance, but it was ordered by Providence, cf. the Gk. Oeía Tivì TÙx?• It is the opposite of forte temere'='by mere chance.'

nec

amnis, did not admit of its regular river-bed being approached.' 'Iustus' is applied to anything that fully answers to its idea, as iusta pugna, a regular battle, iustum bellum (15, 1), regular war. languida, stagnant.'

5. in proxima eluvie, at the nearest point of the overflow.'

Ruminalis. Rumina,' was a goddess whose name was derived from 'ruma,' an old Latin word for the breast. cf. subrumi agni. She is then the goddess of suckling, perhaps her name is only an epithet of Fauna. The word Romulus then suggested to a Roman ear the notion of suckling, and hence Romulus and Remus (the twin Lares of the Roman State) are represented as sucking children, (Seeley, Hist. Ex. p. 32). This reasoning is not very satisfactory. The real derivation of Roma is no doubt from the root sru that appears in péw, so that it means 'the stream-town.' 6. vastae, wild.'

ness.

lupam, suggested by the worship of Faunus Lupercus. Faunus (Hor. Ode iii. 18), not only drives away wolves, but deprives them of their savageHe is the favouring god (faveo), and Faustulus is but another name for him ('he who brings help,' tul, as in opi-tul-ari). Acca Larentia is the mother of the Lares, acca' being an old word for mother.

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8. peragrare, Historical infinitive. Several more follow.

9. subsistere, (1) 'to withstand.' cf. 9, 31, 6, et praepotentem armis Romanum nec acies subsistere ullae poterunt. (2) 'to lie in wait for.' Sil. Ital. 13, 221. Subsidere saepe leonem adsuerat. seria ac iocos celebrare = 'used to engage in business and festivity.' 1. hoc, the festival still observed.

Palatium, connected with the root pa, that appears in pascor, Pales (the god of cattle), and perhaps also in the Greek Пáv. The close resemblance between the attributes and worship of Pan Lycaeus and of