107 13 Metellum: Q. Metellus Celer, consul B.C. 60; he afterwards did good service in the campaign against Catiline.

less.

107 14 virum optimum, an excellent man (ironical, of course). 107 16 sagacissimum, keen-scented; fortissimum, energetic and fear

107 18 videtur debere, does it seem that he ought to be? Observe that the Latin prefers the personal construction ("does he seem,” etc.), which the English idiom with ought does not allow us to imitate (§ 330, b, 1; G. 528, R.2; H. 534, I, N.1).

107 19 (SECT. 20.) Two courses were open to Catiline, to leave the city or to run his chances of being put to death. If he left the city, he could, of course, either join his accomplice Manlius in the insurgent camp at Fæsulæ or abandon his projects and go into voluntary exile. Apparently some of the Senators had privately urged him to adopt the latter alternative, promising, in that case, that all proceedings should be dropped, and Catiline, though rejecting their advice, had declared that he would not refuse to obey a senatus-consultum decreeing his banishment. Such a decree would, however, have been favorable to Catiline's plans, for, since he had not been formally brought to trial, he would have been able to pose as an injured citizen exiled by an arbitrary aristocratic party. Hence Cicero refuses to put the question to the Senate, though he asserts there could be no doubt about the result. By taking this course Cicero forced Catiline to make his intentions plain by the overt act of leaving the city of his own accord and hastening to the camp of Manlius.

107 23 refer ad senatum: the technical term for the action of the presiding officer (regularly the consul) in bringing a matter before the Senate for action. See general Introduction, p. lvii. — si, etc., fut. cond. in indir. disc.

107 24 placere (sc. sibi): the subj. is te . . . exsilium.

...

107 25 abhorret, is contrary to: because the Senate would have no legal power to pronounce such a judgment.

107 26 faciam ut, etc. (§ 332; G. 553, I; H. 498, ii): to make the feelings of the Senate clear, Cicero formally commands Catiline to leave the city (egredere, etc.); then pauses to allow the Senators a chance to protest, and then points out that no objections are heard.

107 29 ecquid attendis, are you listening? The adverbial ecquid (" at all") can hardly be idiomatically rendered, but gives an emphasis to the question.

107 30 patiuntur, they tolerate this, i.e. they make no objection to this extreme exercise of authority on my part. quid, etc.: why do you wait for those to express their opinion in words whose wishes you see clearly

by their silence? The Latin idiom is quite different: why do you wait for the expressed opinion (auctoritatem) of [those] speaking whose wishes you see [when] silent?

here: the demonstrative pronouns

107 32 (SECT. 21.) huic, this are often thus employed in the so-called deictic use, accompanied by a gesture. - Sestio : a member of the aristocratic party whom Cicero afterwards defended in one of his greatest orations.

108. 1 M. Marcello: a prominent member of the aristocracy, consul B.C. 51; not to be confounded with the person of the same name mentioned in sect. 19. He took a leading part in the Civil War against Cæsar, and was afterwards defended by Cicero (see p. 213). — jam, by this time. consuli, consul as I am.

108 2 in templo, i.e. notwithstanding the sacredness of the place. vim et manus (hendiadys), violent hands.

108 3 cum quiescunt, i.e. by keeping quiet (§ 326, a; G. 582; H. 517, 2).

108 5 videlicet cara, alluding to his demand to have the matter submitted to the Senate.

108 8 voces, cries (of the crowd outside).

108 10 haec (with a gesture, cf. huic, sect. 21, first note), i.e. all that is round us, the city, etc.

108 12 prosequantur, escort. It was the custom for those who were going into voluntary exile to be thus accompanied to the gate by their friends. Cicero sarcastically declares that, if Catiline will depart, the whole Senate will be so glad to be rid of him as to forget his crimes and pay him this honor.

...

108 13 (SECT. 22.) te ut frangat, i.e. break down your stubbornness (purpose clause after loquor; though it may be an exclam. clause with ut: § 332, c; G. 558; H. 486, ii, N.).

...

108 15 uti nam duint: § 267, b; G. 261; H. 483, 1; for form see § 128, e2; G. 130, 4; H. 240, 3.

108 16 ire: § 271, a; G. 532, and R.2; H. 498, i, N.

108 18 recenti memoria (abl. of time): translate by a while-clause. 108 19 est tanti, it is worth the cost (§ 252, a; G. 380, I, R.; H. 405). 108 20 sit: § 314; G. 573; H. 513, i.

108 21 ut . . . commoveare, etc., subj. of est postulandum (§ 331, h ; G. 546, I; H. 499, 3).

108 23 is es... ut: § 319, I, R.; G. 552; H. 500, ii.

108 26 (SECT. 23.) inimico, a private enemy, thus attributing to Cicero personal motives of opposition.

108 27 rectā (sc. viā), straightway.—vix feram, etc.: for Catiline's

going into voluntary exile would tend to prove that he was innocent and had been persecuted by the consul (see note on p. 107, 1. 19).

108 29 sin autem, etc.: Catiline's going to Manlius would prove his guilt and show the wisdom of Cicero's action.

109. 1 lactrocinio, brigandage, i.e. partisan warfare, as opposed to a regular war (justum bellum).

109 3 (SECT. 24.) quamquam, and yet (§ 313, f; G. 605, R.2; H. 515, iii, N.2) cf. the same use of quamquam, sect. 22, 1. 13, and of tametsi, sect. 22, 1. 16.-invitem: § 268; G. 265; H. 486, ii. - sciam, characteristic subj.

109 4 Forum Aurelium: a small place on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles from Rome. The Via Aurelia was the road which led along the sea-coast of Etruria, by which Catiline left the city the following night. — praestolarentur, rel. clause of purpose.

FIG. 27.

109 6 aquilam: the silver eagle had been adopted by Marius as the standard of the legion, and the eagle in question was said to have been actually used in the army of Marius.

109 8 sacrarium: it was customary in Roman houses to have a little shrine (see Fig. 27) for the worship of the lares and other protecting divinities. Doubtless Catiline was believed to have placed this eagle in such a shrine as an object of superstitious worship. 109 9 ut possis, exclam.

clause with ut (see note on frangant, sect. 22, p. 108, 1. 13).

109 13 (SECT. 25.) rapiebat (§ 277, 6): the imperf. is used instead of the pres. because the action is conceived of as ceasing at the moment when Cicero discovered the plot.

109 14 haec res, i.e. leaving the city as an enemy and taking up arms. 109 16 non modo, to say nothing of (§ 209, a, 1; G. 445; H. 553, 2). 109 18 atque connects perditis and derelictis; ab connects fortuna and spe with derelictis.

109 19 conflatam, run together (like molten metal).

109 19 (SECT. 26.) hic, i.e. in this band.

109 21 bacchabere, will revel. To a Roman the word suggested the wild orgies of the frenzied Bacchanals, so that it is much stronger than our revel, which in course of time has become rather vague: cf. Æneid, iv. 301 (and illustrations).

109 23 meditati sunt, have been practised; feruntur, are talked about. -labores: cf. Sallust's Catiline, ch. v.: L. Catilina nobili genere natus fuit, magna vi et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic ab adulescentia bella intestina caedes rapinae discordia civilis grata fuere ibique juventutem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae algoris vigiliae supra quam cuiquam credibile est.

109 25 facinus, deed of violence, contrasted with stuprum, debauchery; just as bonis otiosorum, property of peaceful citizens, is with somno maritorum, the repose of husbands.

109 26 ubi ostentes (purpose clause), opportunity to display (lit. a place where, etc.).

109 29 (SECT. 27.) reppuli (§ 323, 1; G. 580; H. 521, i): Cicero here takes credit to himself for using his influence as consul to defeat the election of Catiline.

109 30 exsul, consul: observe the play upon words (see Vocab.). 109 32 latrocinium: cf. note on latrocinio, l. 1, above.

III. PERORATIO (CHAPS. XI.-XIII.).

Chaps. XI.-XIII. The consul may be charged with remissness; but he has been biding his time. For half-way measures would have been useless. Appeal to Jupiter to save Rome.

110 2 querimoniam, i.e. for not having suppressed the conspiracy more vigorously. - detester ac deprecer (construed with a me, above), remove by protest and plea.

110 4 patria: the personified patria is dramatically introduced as accusing Cicero of remissness in letting Catiline go unharmed.

110 6 M. Tulli (voc.): the regular way of formal address; the use of the family name (Cicero) is more familiar.

110 9 evocatorem servorum, a summoner of slaves, i.e. to enlist under him against the state. To the Romans (as to all peoples who, having a large slave population, are in constant fear of servile revolts) such an accusation was the most violent reproach conceivable.

110 12 duci, rapi, mactari: § 331, a, N.1; G. 546, N.3; H. 535, ii.

110 16 (SECT. 28.) rogatae sunt: the magistrate who proposed a law formally asked the people whether they would accept it; hence rogo was the word regularly used for this act, and the proposition itself was called rogatio. The leges in question, Valeria, Porcia, and Sempronia (of Caius Gracchus), were enacted to protect-like our laws securing the habeas corpus and trial by jury — the life and liberty of citizens against the arbitrary power of magistrates, which in this case would apparently be used by Cicero. at nunquam, etc.: as a fact, however, the precedents here referred to had been really violations of the constitution.

...

110 18 praeclaram . . gratiam, you show a noble gratitude (cf. habere gratiam and agere gratias).

110 20 nulla commendatione majorum: though by the Roman constitution the higher offices were open to all citizens, yet it was rare that a man whose ancestors had not held these offices could succeed in attaining them himself. If, like Cicero, he did so, he was called a novus homo and his descendants belonged to the nobility. — tam mature: Cicero attained the quæstorship, the prætorship, and the consulship (honorum gradūs) at the earliest age possible in each case. This was a mark of public confidence which had never happened to a novus homo before.

110 22 invidiae, i.e. the odium which might attach to the consul's apparently exceeding his constitutional authority. In fact Cicero was later brought to trial and exiled on this very charge.

110 24 (SECT. 29.) num est, pray is (implying strong negation): § 210, c; G. 464, R.; H. 351, 1, N.3

110 25 inertiae, sc. invidia, the reproach. -an belongs with non existimas.

110 27 conflagraturum, will be consumed (lit. will burn up).

110 29 idem sentiunt, have the same views. — mentibus, thoughts. 110 30 factu, the rare "latter supine" (§ 303; G. 436; H. 547 and N.1).

110 31 gladiatori: the gladiators were trained slaves owned by rich men and were often employed as bullies in political campaigns. Hence the word came almost to mean ruffian, " bruiser," "thug."

111. 1 si... honestarunt: notice that the simple condition here expresses cause (§ 306, a, N.).

111 2 superiorum, before them.

The variety of the conditional sentences in sects 29, 30 is instructive: si judicarem, non dedissem (cont. to fact), p. 110, 1. 30-p. 111, 1. 1 ; si . . . honestarunt, verendum non erat (nothing implied), p. III, 11. 1-4; si impenderet, fui (mixed), 11. 6, 7; si animadvertissem, dicerent (cont. to fact), ll. 13, 14; si pervenerit, fore (fut., indir. disc.), ll. 15,