...

2358 vicisses, integral part (for fut. perf. viceris).

235 13 (SECT. 29.) in illa causa, i.e. in upholding the side of Pompey.

235 17 ad unam summam, to one main point.

235 19 equidem emphasizes multas.

235 20 (SECT. 30.) tecum, in company with you. Cæsar was hardly less distinguished as an orator than as a general and statesman. – dum tenuit for tense, see § 276, e, and N.; G. 569, n.1; H. 467, 4, N. ratio honorum tuorum, the course of ambition; lit. the consideration of your (series of) offices. The regular course of a Roman's ambition led him through the cursus honorum, i.e. from the quæstorship to the consulship. One of the chief means of advancing his political interests in this career was to act as advocate (patronus) in the Forum. —in foro: the Forum was the seat of the administration of justice.

235 22 posthac, sc. fecerit.

235 24 dic and quaere in effect form a protasis of which taceo is the apodosis, —if you say, etc., I am silent (§ 310, b; G. 593, 4 ; H. 507, 1). 235 25 quibus in praesidiis, in which army. - - ne haec quidem, i.e. the following.

235 26 valerent, might prevail (if I used them).

235 27 bello oppressus, overtaken by the war.

235 28 in eo ipso, i.e. in his conduct in the war to which he was forced. 235 30 temere, thoughtlessly.

235 31 ignoscatur, impersonal. — impetravit, sc. veniam.

235 32 adroganter, sc. oro. — idem . . . qui, as you have, etc. (lit. the same one who have).

236. 1 (SECT. 31.) mihi, etc., i.e. I have been not only spared myself but am allowed to appear for another.

236 3 studiis, zealous efforts. The thought is that Cæsar is accustomed to decide such cases not with reference to any pleading or any wish to gratify his own friends, but rather with reference to the character of the petitioners and their relation to the defendant.

236 6 causas, the cause.

236 7 voltus: the tears and lamentations by which it was customary to seek acquittal (see peroration of Defence of Milo). — quam tuus necessarius, how closely connected with you.

236 8 quam illius, opposed to tuus.

236 10 fruuntur, concedas: the indic. refers to individual cases; subjunc. characterizes Cæsar himself, but the difference is slight. 236 13 justissimum, best founded.

the

Sects. 32-36. Many friends desire the pardon of Ligarius. His brothers, who plead for him, have always been friendly to Cæsar.

236 15 (SECT. 32.) tu: not expressed for emphasis but merely to carry the concessive quidem.

236 17 Sabinos: Ligarius was of Sabine origin, and many of his Sabine friends were present on this occasion.

236 18 florem, etc.: the Sabine territory among the mountains was still the home of a hardy and virtuous population.

236 19 nosti: during the First Civil War, Cæsar had found shelter from Sulla among these kindly mountaineers.

236 21 squalorem: it was the custom of the Romans to express their sympathy for one in danger by going into mourning, that is, by wearing ragged and mean apparel. When Cicero was threatened with exile, some 20,000 of his friends are said to have appeared in this guise.

236 25 (SECT. 33.) quodvis, any whatever (emphatic).

236 28 vox, the expression which follows.

236 29 vicit, i.e. it was this sentiment of Cæsar, as opposed to the bloodthirstiness of the Pompeians, that won him the victory in the Civil War. nos, i.e. the party of Pompey.

236 30 nisi qui, except those who.

237. 4 veste mutata, in mourning (see note on p. 236, 1. 21, above). 237 5 tecum fuerunt, on your side, i.e. as holding aloof from the other side. Being neutrals, they had been threatened by the Pompeians.

237 6 non nulli, some of us.

237 7 tuis suos, to your friends their friends.

237 12 (SECT. 34.) fuerit futurus: see note sect. 23 (p. 233, 1, 15). 237 13 conspirantem, harmonious (breathing together); conflatam, identical (fused together).

237 15 quidvis . . . quam ut, that ANYTHING would have happened be fore these brothers, etc.

237 16 ut... sequerentur, subst. clause of result (§ 332, b; G. 557, N.2; H. 502, 2).

237 17 tempestate, by stress of weather.

237 19 tamen, in spite of that.

237 19 (SECT. 35.) ierit, etc. (concessive subj.), suppose he did go. 237 21 hi... tui, THESE entreat you and they are yours. — equidem sets off the implied subj. ego against tu, below. cum interessem, having been concerned in.

237 22 quaestor urbanus, city treasurer (see Introduction, p. lix), in which capacity he appears to have done a service to Cæsar, who was then in Gaul.

237 28 (SECT. 36.) nihil egit aliud, had no other aim.

237 29 haec, the present condition of things, i.e. T. Ligarius could not

eum: § 196, a, 2, N.; G. 521, N.3;

have any interested motive in doing this favor, since he could not foresee how powerful Cæsar was to become. H. 449, 13.

237 31 officio, service (to you).

237 32 tot talibus, many and excellent as they are.

238. 2 condonaveris: condonare is to grant something for the sake of some one else.

IV. PERORATIO ($$ 37-38).

Sects. 37-38. Closing appeal to Cæsar to show his customary clemency.

238 3 (SECT. 37.) de homine nobilissimo, i.e. Marcellus.

238 4 in curia, before the Senate (see Introd. to Or. for Marcellus). - foro: Ligarius had been accused; hence the form of trial in the Forum. 238 10 populare, popular, but in a strictly political sense.

238 14 (SECT. 38.) ut possis: a subst. clause of result (see note on p. 237, l. 16), because an effect is implied in habet.

238 16 postulet, § 311, a, N.3; G. 459, R.; H. 485.

238 18 tantum, so much only (as often).

With the praise of Cæsar in the Orations for Marcellus and Ligarius compare the celebrated portrait of him in Cicero's Second Philippic, published shortly after Cæsar's death. This is interesting as the only extant testimony, publicly spoken at the time, of one who was at once contemporary, rival, and peer:

Fuit in illo ingenium, ratio, memoria, litterae, cura, cogitatio, diligentia. Res bello gesserat, quamvis rei publicae calamitosas, at tamen magnas. Multos annos regnare meditatus, magno labore, multis periculis, quod cogitarat effecerat. Muneribus, monimentis, congiariis, epulis multitudinem imperitam delenierat: suos praemiis, adversarios clementiae specie devinxerat. Quid multa? attulerat jam liberae civitati, partim metu partim patientia, consuetudinem serviendi. Sed ex plurimis malis, quae ab illo rei publicae sunt inusta, hoc tamen boni est, quod didicit jam populus Romanus quantum cuique crederet, quibus se committeret, a quibus caveret.

THE FOURTEENTH PHILIPPIC.

ARGUMENT.

CHAP. I, 2. To return to the garb of peace while Brutus is not safe would be a mockery. His rescue has been the object from the beginning. -3-5. Antony and his troops should be held as public enemies: their cruelties at Parma, etc.: the city itself has been allotted among them. Cicero would extend the time of rejoicing, and salute the commanders as imperatores, to which their deeds entitle them.-6, 7. Absurd charge against Cicero, of aiming at power. The career of honors is open, and the people rate men according to their deserts. -8. His former counsel, that Antony be declared a public enemy. This is implied in the proposed supplicatio. 9, 10. Exploits and eulogy of Pansa, Hirtius, and Octavianus. -11, 12. A supplicatio of fifty days is recommended for the three commanders. Eulogy of the soldiers, the living and the dead. Special tribute to the Martian Legion.—13. Let us console the relatives of the slain, and pay the promised reward to the families of the dead. — 14. Resolution of thanks and honor.

ee

The Fourteenth Philippic consists of two parts, one argumentative and the other eulogistic. There is no lack of connection, however, for the argument is necessary as a basis for the eulogy. The substance of the speech may be stated in one sentence : Antony is an enemy to the state (hostis), —hence the victory of the consuls should receive the honors regularly awarded only to successes in foreign wars." The opening passage (sects. 1-5) is, in form, an objection to the proposed vote to lay aside the military garb; but it is in effect an exordium, since it serves to introduce Cicero's first proposition, that Antony is a public enemy. This proposition is established in sects. 6-25, and the rest of the oration is a tribute of honor to the generals and their soldiers. The sententia with which the address concludes (sects. 36–38) sums up all that Cicero has said, and takes the place of the usual peroration.

Sects. 13-20 form a digression in which Cicero defends himself from certain attacks on the purity of his intentions. But this digression is closely connected on the one hand with the rejoicings over the victory and on the other with the necessity of declaring Antony a hostis.

Sects. 1-5. If D. Brutus were safe, we might well lay aside the military garb. But until his safety is assured, such rejoicing would be a mockery. The war is not ended until he is relieved from siege.

PAGE 242.

LINE 1. (SECT. 1.) si, with cognovissem (1. 5), prot.

cont. to fact, with censerem (1. 7) as its apod.- ut, correl. with sic (1. 3). ex litteris, i.e. despatches from the seat of war. 242 2 hostium, i.e. Antony's forces.

242 3 id quod, namely D. Brutum egressum

...

esse (1. 4).

242 4 Brutum : D. Brutus, one of Cæsar's murderers, had been assigned by him to the government of Cisalpine Gaul, and took possession of the province after Cæsar's death. In the summer, Antony procured the passage of a law transferring this province to himself. Brutus, supported by the Senate, refused to give it up, and upon this issue hostilities broke Brutus was at this time besieged in Mutina (Modena), and the consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, had moved to raise the siege.

out.

FIG. 51.

242 6 ad saga, etc., as we should say figuratively to arms." The sagum (Fig. 51) was a simple woollen cloak, fastened over one shoulder with a clasp or buckle (fibula), while the toga had no fastening, but was wound in elaborate folds about the body. It was put on instead of the toga (the garment of peace: see note on p. 125, 1. 17) in the city when there was war near home, as a sign that the citizens were called to arms. - -issemus, subjunc. of subord. clause in indir. disc. - redeundum, etc. to return to the ordinary garb of peace, the toga, would, under the circumstances, be a sign of rejoicing.

242 8 ea res, i.e. the liberation of D. Brutus from siege.

242 10 pugnae: the victory of Hirtius and Pansa at Bononia (see Introd., p. 241 of text).

242 12 (SECT. 2.) ista sententia, that proposition (one proposed by the Senator P. Servilius, and opposed by Cicero in this oration).

242 15 id agamus ut, etc., let us do so with the intention to retain it. 242 16 hoc, referring to discedere (1. 18). The point is that it would not be pleasing to the gods for the citizens to assume the garb of rejoicing merely for a day, and then, since their main prayer had not been granted, to return ad saga.

242 21 (SECT. 3.) redierimus, sc. ad vestitum.

242 22 ne...

prodatur, i.e. if they change their attire for this one day, it will appear that it was not on account of Brutus that the change was made, for he is not yet safe.

243. 2 tollite hanc, set aside this motive (a kind of protasis: § 310, b; G. 593, 4; H. 487, 3).