tion in the public counsels. The emulation here referred to by Cicero (contentione principatus, l. 19) was for the first place among such men (hence consularium in l. 14). — hoc vero tempore, i.e. now, in the dearth of strong leading men, like those just referred to.

248 15 quo... dolore, interrogative.

248 17 sententiam moderari, govern their views. 248 21 cursus, speed.

248 22 tu, though emphatic, does not here refer to a particular person :

it merely addresses the whole opposing party as if it were a single individual. - optime sentiam: cf. male sentire (1. 15).

248 23 ad me . . . fieri, etc. : best rendered by changing the construction, all good citizens gathering about me. This refers to such occasions as that of the gratulatio above (p. 246, 1. 18).

248 24 nollem, I should regret that (i.e. I should be sorry if that were so): cf. § 267, c; G. 261, R.

248 27 optatius, i.e. than such a course of conduct on the part of the other side.

248 29 (SECT. 19.) haec, i.e. that I am the true champion of the people, and not those demagogues who are jealous of me. — In this section Cicero makes an easy transition back to the subject which he was discussing when he began to digress (at sect. 13),—the necessity of declaring Antony a public enemy and of honoring the generals for defeating him.

249. 1 maxime, sc. de nobis.

249 5 xiii. Kalendas Januarias (Dec. 20), the day when the third and fourth Philippics were spoken, one in the Senate and one in the Forum, declaring Antony a public enemy.

249 6 ex Kalendis Januariis, when, in the fifth Philippic, he urged that no negotiations should be had with Antony. The campaign against Antony may be said to have begun Dec. 20 (see preceding note); but no active measures were taken until the new consuls entered upon their office on the first of January.

249 10 meis sententiis, i.e. it was in consequence of Cicero's expressed opinion in the Senate that negotiations with Antony were broken off. It was on the question of sending an embassy (see note, sect. 4, p. 243, 1. 7) to him that Cicero delivered the fifth Philippic. The embassy was sent on Jan. 1, but came to nothing, and the Senate then declared war.

249 11 illum, sc. esse.

249 12 ut ego, just as I [thought].

249 13 huic, etc., [but] to this mere name, etc.

249 14 (SECT. 21.) P. Ventidium: an officer of Antony's army. He

afterwards gained some important successes over the Parthians, B.C. 38.— † volusenum: the manuscripts here are hopelessly corrupt.

249 16 discessionem, "division" (as in the English house of Commons); see general Introd., p. lvii. - voluissent: the presiding consuls could put a question to vote in the Senate or not at their discretion, since they alone were regarded as having the initiative in deliberations (see general Introd., ibid.).

249 19 licuit, i.e. by the consuls (see last note).

249 21 verbis notari: spurious, and to be disregarded in translation.

Sects. 22-25. It is no longer possible to refuse to declare Antony an enemy: this is implied in the honors proposed for the generals. 249 23 (SECT. 22.) sustulerunt, i.e. refused to put that question. 249 27 imprudens, without knowing it.

249 30 (SECT. 23.) This and the following section give examples to prove Cicero's assertion that a supplicatio had never been decreed for victory in a civil war, that is, for victory over persons who were not hostes. 249 32 bellum Octavianum: see Cat. iii., sect. 24 (p. 137, 1. 26) and

note.

250. 3 Servili: see note on p. 244, 1. 9.

250 4 conlega, i.e. Julius Cæsar.

250 6 de Alexandria: for a victory over the Egyptians; de Pharnace, son of Mithridates, King of Pontus (both victories, B.C. 47).

250 12 (SECT. 24.) ob conservationem: see Cat. iii., sect. 15. 250 15 Gabinium: he had claimed a supplicatio, which the Senate steadily refused, for some successes against Arab marauders in Syria. 250 18 re, in effect; verbo, in so many words.

250 22 (SECT. 25.) honoris amplissimi, i.e. the consulship.

250 23 alterum, i.e. consul; alterum, i.e. imperator.

250 28 a membris, etc. : Antony would not only cut their throats, but treat their bodies with indignity,—as was, in fact, afterwards done in the case of Cicero.

Sects. 26-28. Exploits of Pansa, Hirtius, and Octavianus.

250 30 (SECT. 26.) With this section the formal eulogy begins. Sect. 25 is a transition from the argumentative part of the oration to the laudatory portion.

250 31 legione Martia: this was one of two legions that had gone over from Antony to the Senate the November previous. The other was the quarta, mentioned below (p. 251, l. 11).

251.9 alterum, referring to the second alternative (victoria se, etc.), according to the favorite Latin chiastic order.

251 14 (SECT. 27.) beneficia, i.e. grants of money and assignments of land to Julius Cæsar's veterans. servassent, had saved, i.e. had not, like some others, wasted their property and become reprobates (cf. Cat. ii., sect. 20).

251 15 viginti cohortibus, i.e. two legions.

251 18 tribus: in point of fact, Antony had only two legions engaged; but full particulars had not yet reached Rome, and Cicero appears to have thought that a third legion, the Alauda, which he had with him, took part in the fight.

251 19 huic, etc., dep. on imminentis (1. 21).

252. 2 (SECT. 28.) aetas: Octavianus was now twenty years old, an age at which no person could regularly hold the imperium.

252 6 ejus nominis, that title (imperator). This, though connected with the imperium, was not conferred with that power, but followed some important success in the field, being given by acclamation of the soldiers. 2529 castra, i.e. the camp of Hirtius.

Sects. 29-35. Devotion of the soldiers. Martian Legion.

Special tribute to the

252 13 (SECT. 29.) decerno, I propose: note that this word often does not mean decree, but is used of a single Senator, ·vote or propose. — quinquaginta, an unprecedented number. A ten days' supplicatio had been decreed for Pompey's victories in Africa, and fifteen for Cæsar's defeat of the Belgians.

252 16 est, it is due to.—fidei. . . declarare: § 214, d; G. 366, r.2; H. 403.

252 18 bello confecto (§ 255, d; G. 410; H. 431, 1): notice the reference to fut. time.

252 21 conjungi, sc. cum honore imperatorum.

252 22 (SECT. 30.) omnibus, i.e. to all, both living and dead. To the living the full reward is due only on the completion of the war; to the dead, however, it can be paid at once by being given to their heirs (see the end of the decree, sect. 36).

252 24 victoribus, i.e. at the end of the campaign.

252 25 quam . . . secuti sunt, i.e. relying on which (the pledge of the Senate) they followed the cause.

252 26 consili sui, their course (i.e. their espousal of the cause of good order).

252 27 quibus, i.e. the living, whose silent presence is a reminder. 252 29 senatus sapientis: the Senate, as composed of the wisest citizens, would best appreciate the importance of encouraging patriotism. 253. 2 (SECT. 31.) occurrunt, suggest themselves.

253 6 placet... mihi, my proposition is (an almost technical use of the phrase see Vocab.).

2539 se abrupit: cf. sect. 26.

253 10 Albam, sc. Fucensem: a town among the mountains, in the territory of the Marsi, which the Martian Legion took and held after revolting from Antony.

253 12 desiderat, has lost.

253 13 in ipsa victoria, at the moment of victory.

253 15 (SECT. 32.) vos: here he addresses the Martian Legion.

253 16 idem deus: Mars was not only the special patron god of Rome, but, being the father of Romulus, was regarded as the ancestor of the Roman race (hence urbem genuisse).

254. 18 (SECT. 34.) publice, Le. by way of public eulogy.

254 24 bustis, burial-mounds. The bustum was properly the heap of ashes left after the body had been consumed with the rogus (Fig. 53); but

the term was also applied to the mound erected on the spot where the body was burned. For an elaborate bustum see the round tomb of Cæcilia Metella in the view of the Appian Way (text, p. 169).

255. 6 (SECT. 36.) sententia, i.e. a formal proposition for a decree (analogous to a motion reduced to writing" in a modern deliberative assembly). In the Roman Senate questions were proposed only by a magistrate; and this was done not in the form of a set motion, as with us, but the whole question was presented (de re referre) for discussion. The result of the deliberation might be several formal propositions for a decree, all, any,

or none of which might be formally put to vote by the presiding officer. If one of these was carried, it would stand as the senatus consultum. (Cf. Introduction, p. lvii, above). — complectar, i.e. my views on the whole question.

255 8 What follows is a somewhat rare example of a regular resolution of the Senate. The stately and formal character of the language is noteworthy. cum, whereas.

255 15 occidione occiderit: notice the set phrase, not used in ordinary language. Translate, cut to pieces with great slaughter.

255 20 (SECT. 37.) senatum . . . judicare, indir. disc. depending on censeo (1. 7); in the decree it would be senatus. . . judicat.

255 25 uti... constituat: in the decree this would depend on some word of commanding (like decernit) in the heading; hence it stands unchanged in Cicero's indirect statement.

255 26 alter ambove: the imperium of the two consuls was absolutely equal, and the power of neither was impaired by the special assignment of any duty to the other. Any such special assignment of functions was only made by mutual consent, and either had a legal right to interfere in the other's province. Of course, however, any such interference was regarded as unwarranted, and, in practice, the two colleagues either took turns in the administration, or agreed upon a division of functions between them.

255 28 pulvinaria: see note on Cat. iii., sect. 23 (p. 137, 1. 14). A Supplicatio was one of the few religious rites of the Romans in which the whole people took part. The proper temples were opened and the gods symbolically served with a feast (Fig. 37). The citizens repaired to these temples and paid their individual devotions to the gods in peculiar forms of humiliation not ordinarily observed in the public sacrifices.

255 29 (SECT. 38.) senatum . . . soluturum: here the statement returns to the form of the indir. disc., in the decree, senatus . . . solvet. 255 33 cum. . . caederent, concessive.

256. 5 locandum . . . curent: see note on Cat. iii., sect. 20 (p. 136, 1. 8).

256 12 si vivi vicissent, if they had survived their victory.