pertinebit, nunc certe pertinet esse te talem ut tuās laudēs obscūrātūra nūlla umquam sit oblīviō.

Through Caesar's efforts civil wars are now at an end. X. Diversae voluntātēs civium fuerunt distractaeque sententiae. Non enim consiliis sölum et studiis, sed 5 armis etiam et castrīs dissidēbāmus; erat enim obscuritās quaedam, erat certamen inter clarissimōs ducēs; multi dubitabant quid optimum esset, multi quid sibi expediret, multi quid deceret, non nulli etiam quid liceret. 31. Perfuncta rēs publica est hoc miserō fātālīque bellō; vicit 10 is, qui nōn fortūnā inflammāret odium suum, sed bonitāte leniret; nec qui omnis, quibus īrātus esset, eosdem [etiam exsilio aut morte dīgnōs iūdicāret. Arma ab aliis posita ab aliis erepta sunt. Ingratus est iniustusque civis, qui armōrum periculō liberātus animum tamen retinet armā15 tum, ut etiam ille melior sit [qui in acie cecidit,] qui in causa animam profudit. Quae enim pertinacia, quibusdam, eadem aliīs cōnstantia vidērī potest. 32. Sed iam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, exstincta aequitate victōris; restat ut omnēs ūnum velint, qui modo habent 20 aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sānitātis. Nisi

tē, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia, qua cum anteā tum hodie vel maximē ūsus es, manente, salvi esse non possumus. Quã rẽ omnēs tē, qui haec salva esse volumus, et hortamur et obsecramus ut vitae tuae et salūtī cōn25 sulās; omnesque tibi, ut prō aliīs etiam loquar quod de mē ipse sentio, quoniam subesse aliquid putās quod cavendum sit, non modo excubias et custōdiās, sed etiam laterum nostrōrum oppositus et corporum pollicēmur.

The orator concludes as he has begun, by expressing to Caesar the deepest gratitude.

XI. 33. Sed, ut unde est ōrsa, in eodem terminētur ōratio, maximās tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, maiores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire potuisti.

Sed quia non est omnibus stantibus necesse dicere, ā mē 5 certě dici volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo. Et quod fieri decet, M. Marcello à te huic ordini populoque Romano et rei publicae reddito, fieri id intellegō. Nam laetārī omnis non de unius solum, sed de communi omnium salute sentiō. 34. Quod autem summae benevo- 10

lentiae est, quae mea erga illum omnibus semper nōta fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimō et amantissimō frātrī, praeter eum quidem cederem nēminī, cum id sollicitüdine, cūrā, labōre tam diu praestiterim quam diu est 5 dē illius salute dubitatum; certe hoc tempore magnis cūrīs, molestiīs, doloribus liberatus praestare debeō. Itaque, C. Caesar, sīc tibi gratias agō, ut, omnibus mē rēbus ā tē nōn cōnservātō sōlum sed etiam ōrnātō, tamen ad tua in mē ūnum innumerabilia merita, quod fierī iam 10 posse nōn arbitrabar, maximus hōc tuō factō cumulus accesserit.

POMPEY'S MILITARY COMMAND,

OR

THE MANILIAN LAW.

DELIVERED BEFORE THE POPULAR ASSEMBLY, 66 B.C.

INTRODUCTION.

After the days of Hannibal, the Romans met with no more powerful and courageous foe than Mithradates the Great, king of Pontus. He came to the throne at the early age of eleven, and, gifted by nature with astounding powers of body and mind, succeeded in evading all the plots laid for him in his boyhood. He reached manhood with a body perfectly trained in all athletic and military exercises, and inured to every hardship, with a spirit undaunted by danger and ambitious for power, and with a mind so well equipped for his royal office, that he is said to have been able to address the envoys of the various tribes under his sway, more than twenty in number, each in his own language. He was, however, cruel, jealous, and rapacious as any Oriental despot. His greatest passions were for gold and for territory, and early in his reign he succeeded in enlarging his ancestral domains so as to include all the territory around the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus) to the north and east, the province Lesser Armenia to the south, and all beyond the Halys river to the west as far as Bithynia.

It was inevitable that sooner or later he would come into hostile contact with the Romans, who, since the war with Antiochus (190 B.C.), had assumed a sort of protectorate over Asia Minor. They had already organized the province of Asia, consisting of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia in the west, and were making a province of Cilicia in the southeast. To protect his rear and provide himself with a strong ally, Mithradates had given his daughter in marriage to Tigranes, the king of Greater Armenia. In the year 91 B.C. he instigated his son-in

law to invade Cappadocia, of which Ariobarzanes was king. In the same year he compelled Nicomedes III., king of Bithynia, to flee from his realm. Both of these aggrieved monarchs sought aid from Rome, which was promptly granted. The Romans restored both to their thrones, meeting with no resistance from Mithradates. But when in 89 Nicomedes, probably at the suggestion of Rome, invaded the territory of Mithradates, the latter promptly seized arms, drove Ariobarzanes out of Cappadocia, Nicomedes out of Bithynia, and having conquered every force sent against him, had possession of all western Asia Minor before the end of the summer of 88. During the winter he sent out an order from Pergamum to kill all Italians in the cities of Asia on one and the same day. This order was in general promptly obeyed, and over 80,000 men, women, and children were cruelly massacred.

In 87 Mithradates sent his general Archelaus to Greece with a powerful army. Archelaus took possession of the country, but the next year was defeated with great loss by L. Cornelius Sulla, who had been sent against Mithradates. In the same year Mithradates was himself defeated in Asia by a Roman army, and was glad to sue for peace. Sulla, who felt that his interests demanded his presence in Italy, granted it. Mithradates gave up all his conquests, paid a large fine, and surrendered part of his fleet. Thus closed the First Mithradatic War (88-84 B.C.).

Sulla had left L. Murena in command of the forces in Asia. He, refusing to recognize the peace made by Sulla because the terms had not been put in writing, invaded the territory of Mithradates on his own responsibility, and was defeated by him in two engagements in 83 and 82. Sulla then sent him peremptory orders to desist. This is usually known as the Second Mithradatic War (83–82 B.C.).

Mithradates spent the next few years in preparations for renewing the struggle. He equipped a fleet of 400 ships, and raised an army of 120,000 infantry and 16,000 cavalry, armed and trained in Roman fashion by Roman officers, whom Serto