et si ... termina

19. Sec. 29. si . . . praesentiret . ret...; nec . frangeret neque. angeretur nec... dimicaret: present contrary to fact.

...

23. Nunc: the real as opposed to the false.

24. virtus: a worthy impulse.

27. sed cum omni posteritate adaequandam: but must be made to endure to all future generations.

PAGE 143. 1. Ch. XII. Sec. 30. An vero: see on 26, 12. parvi: because only large minds can grasp the thought of everlasting fame. videamur: shall we allow ourselves to appear,

deliberative subjv.

2. in re publica: in public life.

By

6. statuas, imagines, simulacra, effigiem: see Syn. 5. imagines, Cicero is doubtless thinking of the imagines maiorum, which the Roman nobles kept in the atrium of their houses. See (5).

9. expressam et politam: see 133, 17, where the same figure is employed. expressam refers to the truthfulness of the likeness, politam to its beauty of finish.

10. quae gerebam: i.e. during his consulship. omnia: obj. of spargere ac disseminare. What is the metaphor?

13. sapientissimi homines: the great Greek philosophers, like Socrates, Plato, and Pythagoras, all of whom taught that the soul is immortal.

In view of the character of Archias, Gentlemen of the Jury, and the arguments which I have adduced, you should protect him and acquit him. I beg for a favorable consideration of my speech.

17. Sec. 31. pudore ingenio . . causa: abl. of characteristic or description.

19. vetustate: i.e. the length of his friendships, as with the Luculli. See 127, 16-20. id: subj. of existimari, which depends on convenit.

21. beneficio legis, etc.: see Sec. 7, 8, 9. 24. qua: see 125, 2, and note.

25. divina: because poets are sancti. See 136, 10 ff. PAGE 144. 1. ut: with accipiatis (line 7), of which eum is the obj.

4. periculis: i.e. of the conspiracy of Catiline.

9. Sec. 32. de causa: the argument intra causam. 11. a forensi aliena, etc.: the argument extra causam. 14. ab eo qui iudicium exercet: Q. Cicero, the praetor.

THE PARDON OF MARCELLUS.

DELIVERED IN THE SENATE, 46 B.C.

INTRODUCTION.

Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a prominent Roman noble, and a life-long friend of Cicero, made himself very conspicuous during his consulship, in 51 B.C., by his bitter enmity to Caesar. Caesar at this time, in order to prolong his power, was trying to stand for the consulship in his absence, and Marcellus was the man that introduced in the senate the bills designed to strip Caesar of his authority, supplant him in Gaul, and deprive him of the fruits of his victories. To show his contempt for Caesar and his authority, he is said to have publicly scourged a citizen of a Gallic colony to which Caesar had lately given citizenship, to teach him that he was not a Roman citizen. In short, Marcellus was a leader in the movement which finally forced Caesar into open hostilities.

He was not so rash, however, as to wish to force an open conflict with Caesar without proper preparation, and, while there was yet peace, vainly urged the necessity of raising an army to meet the coming storm. He seems to have had little confidence in the Pompeian party, and was Caesar's enemy rather than Pompey's friend. However, when the latter fled from Italy to Macedonia, Marcellus accompanied him, and was present at the battle of Pharsalus (48 B.C.), which left Caesar master of the world.

Marcellus at once realized the futility of continuing the struggle and withdrew to Mitylene on the island of Lesbos, where he gave himself up to rhetorical and philosophical studies. He was himself an orator of no inconsiderable ability.

At a

When Caesar not only did not proscribe his enemies, as many had expected, but even forgave many of them and set them in places of honor and trust, the friends of Marcellus began to urge him to sue for pardon. Cicero wrote him a number of letters, as some think with Caesar's approval, trying to persuade him to this course. But Marcellus had too much pride and was too honest a partisan to do this, and continued on at Mitylene, evidently preferring voluntary exile to Rome under Caesar. Caesar, who was anxious to gather about him and attach to himself all the nobility he could, ~an element which was sadly lacking in his party, was piqued by the obstinacy of Marcellus, and probably knew about, if he did not plan, the demonstration in favor of Marcellus which led to the oration before us. full meeting of the senate Caius Marcellus, the brother, or, according to some, the cousin of Marcus, threw himself at Caesar's feet and begged him to pardon his kinsman. At the same time all the senators rose and came forward as suppliants. Caesar, after complaining of Marcellus's long and bitter enmity, granted full forgiveness. Thereupon Cicero, to whom the occasion seemed an unusually happy one and to promise better things for his country, and even the restoration of the republic, which had become the dream of his life, broke the silence of many months and expressed his thanks in the speech which is somewhat inaptly called the Pro Marcello. This speech he afterward wrote out and published. It is especially remarkable and interesting in view of Cicero's language two years later when he openly rejoiced at the Dictator's death.

After the public demand for his return, Marcellus could but obey. He set out from Mitylene, but stopped en route at Athens and was assassinated at the Piraeus by P. Magius Chilo, one of his most intimate friends, who immediately afterward killed himself. What Chilo's motive was is not surely known, some say that he was angry with Marcellus for refusing to help him out of his financial straits, others that he killed Marcellus out of jealousy. Marcellus, who had the respect and esteem of the Athenians, was buried in the Academy.

Suggested Reading on the Pardon of Marcellus.

Forsyth, Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero (2 vols. in one), Vol. II., pp. 78,

80, 144.

Merivale, History of the Romans, Vol. II., pp. 51, 60, 61, 343, 344. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (3 vols.), Vol. II., p. 932 (No. 11 under Marcellus). Strachan-Davidson, Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic, pp. 358-360.

ARGUMENT.

This oration not being of the argumentative type does not show the usual subdivisions (92). It belongs to the eulogistic or demonstrative class (93).

1. Ch. I. Exordium. The pardon of Marcellus has caused Cicero to break his long silence. The magnanimity of Caesar is an earnest of his good will toward the republic as well as very complimentary to Marcellus.

II. Chs. II.-X. Demonstratio. Part I., Chs. II.-VI. Caesar's deeds of arms compared with his nobility of character. Caesar has won glorious fame in war, but more glorious still is his magnanimity; for he must share his military fame with his army and with fortune, but his magnanimity is all his own. Part II., Chs. VII.-X. Caesar need have no fears for his life. Plots against his life are incredible, for his enemies are either dead or converted to friends. But it is well for him and the state to be watchful, for his life is precious to all. He, alone, knows how to heal the wounds of the Civil War. All is now disorder and confusion. He may not care to prolong his life for his own sake, but he owes it to the state. As yet he has hardly begun to carry out his great reforms. The immortality which he craves can be secured only by reconstructing the state. An auspicious beginning has been made, and the citizens will all unite in guarding his safety.

III. Ch. XI. Peroratio. All gratefully return thanks to Caesar for the pardon of Marcellus and the renewed hope for the restoration of the republic. The orator feels especially grateful because of his intimate friendship with Marcellus.