2. vitio dative of the object for which. See A. & G. 382, 1 (333, a); B. 191; G. 356; H. 433, 2 (390, 2, N. 2); HB. 360.

verterent: The object is found in the substantive clause quod .. patria.

8. cavere didicisti: learned to look out for, i.e. in the way of legal defense and service. The persistence till our day of legal phrases such as caveat emptor, caveat actor, etc., suggests the frequency with which Trebatius, a Roman lawyer, must have been wont to use them.

9. essedarius: The essedarius fought from an essedum, a two-wheeled war chariot used by the Gauls and Britons. It was of odd construction and attracted much attention from the Roman populace when first displayed in the triumphal processions. Trebatius had seen these chariots and perhaps had written to Cicero some account of them. Cicero makes the essedarius something of a joke and rallies Trebatius in humorous fashion.

decipiaris: get carried off.

caveto: In the preceding line cavere is a legal term of technical meaning. The repetition of the word here in its ordinary sense makes Cicero guilty of a pun, such as in his letters we shall come often upon. Cicero liked puns. He had not learned that "a pun

is a vicious abuse of language."

10. Medeam agere: bring Medea into play.

SELECTION V.

14. Quid proficiam: indirect question, what I am accomplishing. 17. mirari: to wonder at.

tuas litteras: letters from you.

18. Quinto fratre: Cicero's brother Quintus, at other times also a devoted partisan of Caesar, was with him now in Britain.

20. capias suadeo: capture some chariot, I urge you. Those wonderful chariots!

22. volumus: i.e. you and I. Cicero includes himself as part

ner in Trebatius's desires.

perfice: bring it to pass.

in familiaribus: among the intimate friends.

PAGE 7. 3. aetatem : Trebatius was perhaps thirty-five.

SELECTION VI.

Several years after the correspondence with Trebatius, while Caesar was still in Gaul, Cicero, in July, 51 B.C., became proconsul of Cilicia, in which province he remained for a year, an upright governor.

Upon the expiration of his term, as he journeyed homewards across Greece, his friend and freedman, Tiro, whose health was frequently feeble, fell ill of a fever, and Cicero, with his retinue, including his fifteen-year-old son Marcus, was obliged to proceed without him. Cicero wrote back often and affectionately to Tiro. There are preserved no less than seven such letters which were written before the party left Greece. After reaching Brundisium in safety Cicero soon takes the opportunity to send back to Tiro this letter which we have before us.

6. a.d. IIII Non. Nov. - ante diem quartum Nonas Novembris: see note on p. 2, l. 9, Idus.

7. Leucadem: acc. without preposition.

See A. & G. 427, 2

(250, 2, b); B. 181, 1, a ; G. 337; H. 418 (380, 2); HB. 385, b. Note also in this letter Actium, Corcyram, Brundisium.

8. tempestatem: weather. In this instance unfavorable, see note on p. 4, 1. 14.

12. Cassiopen: Greek accusative, see A. & G. 44 (37); B. 22; G. 65; H. 81 (50); HB. 68. Cassiope, modern Cassopo, was a town with harbor at the N. E. extremity of the island of Corcyra. Up to that point the voyage had been up the west coast of Greece at no great distance from the shelter of the Greek islands, but from Cassiope on the course lay across the open Adriatic.

Stadia CXX: nearly fourteen miles, a stade being 606 ft. 9 in. 14. interea . . . multi: In the meantime of those who rashly continued their journey, many were shipwrecked.

15. cenati after dinner.

solvimus: i.e. navem solvimus: set sail. Compare the expression in Acts xxvii. 13.

17. ludibundi: in good spirits.

18. id erat: used like id est, for the more common is erat, or qui dies erat.

20. introiit Terentia: Cicero had eagerly sent for her and she

as gladly came. Two years later the situation was altered. Cicero was again returning from Greece, having lost in the struggle against Caesar, to the same port of Brundisium. Terentia wrote and asked if she might come to meet him, and he replied he would prefer not.

21. quae... plurimi: who has the highest regard for you. 22. tandem aliquando: at last.

exspectatissimas: eagerly looked for.

PAGE 8. 2. Asclapo: Greek noun, 3d declension.

7. sed tamen ita velim . . . properes: But nevertheless I would express the wish that you do not hasten unduly.

8. symphoniam: musical party. The Greeks were fond of music at meals, a custom which also found footing at Rome. Lyso, a resident of Patras, was Cicero's hospes; hence his attentions to Tiro. It is not impossible, if Tiro was at this time being entertained at the house of Lyso, that this dinner party was specially given in his honor.

9. hebdomada: Greek acc., 3d declension. The seventh day was supposed to mark a crisis in fevers. Each recurrence would naturally find the patient weaker, and for Tiro a fourth recurrence might be no small matter.

10. pudori. . . obsequi: since you have chosen to consider your feelings rather than your health, in other respects be careful. 11. Curio: Curius was Cicero's financial agent in Greece at this time.

honos haberetur: a complimentary gift should be made.

12. quod: whatever.

opus esset predicate use of opus. See A. & G. 411, b (243, e, R); B. 218, 2, a; G. 406; H. 477 III (414, 4, 1); HB. 430, 1. curaturum sc. esse: and that I would pay the amount to any one he said. The infinitive is governed by the verb of saying implied in misi, sent word.

me

14. ex K. Jan. = ex Kalendis Januariis: when the new consuls, who were opposed to Caesar, were to take office.

19. Mescinio: Mescinius had been Cicero's quaestor in Cilicia. He was not a man of sterling worth, but he had culture, was fond of Tiro, and was very careful of his own comfort, so he would be both safe and agreeable as Tiro's traveling companion.

20. honesto: of reputation.

21. navicularius: the one who would have immediate charge of the ship's movements.

22. steteris: present yourself.

omnia habebo: you will be doing me all the favors in the world. 23. etiam atque etiam: over and over again.

25. salve: an ordinary word of greeting seems added here to the still more ordinary vale, with some sense of its literal meaning as a wish for health.

SELECTION VII.

On getting back to Italy from Cilicia, Cicero found public affairs in turmoil. The struggle between Caesar and Pompey was lowering ominously, and its outbreak would mean civil war. Cicero was on friendly terms with Caesar and still more intimately bound to Pompey, who had done him great services. But more than to both was he attached to his country. His best hopes toward peace were in vain.

On Jan. 13th Caesar led his army across the Rubicon and became a rebel in arms against the state. As the forces in the city were inadequate for its defense, Pompey left Rome to raise a new army in Italy. Senators fled from the city. Cicero, to be independent of both parties, hoping yet to be peacemaker between them, went with his son to Campania to have oversight of that region, leaving his wife and daughter behind at Rome. His designs seem to have taken him much about the region. This letter is written on the 22d from his villa at Formiae. On the 23d he was writing from Minturnae; on the 25th from Cales; on the 26th from Capua.

PAGE 9. 1. considerandum vobis: The dative of the agent is used with the gerundive to denote the person on whom the necessity or obligation rests.

animae meae: my dearest ones.

2. faciatis: For the mood see A. & G. 575, b (334, b); 444, and note; B. 300, 2; 315, 3; 277; G. 265, 511; H. 649 II. (529, 1); HB. 503, 537.

Romaene . . . an . . . an: In alternative questions the enclitic -ne in the first member followed by an in the second and an in the third is one of the commonest forms.

5. esse to exist, that is, to live, remain.

tuto in safety. Dolabellam: P. Cornelius Dolabella was a young Roman of charming manners but profligate character. He seems to have won the heart of Tullia, who apparently retained her affection for him even after they were divorced, shortly before her death in 45 B.C. Dolabella was an ardent partisan of Caesar. This made him able to do great service for Tullia and Terentia at Rome after the flight of the senators at Caesar's approach, when affairs were in such turmoil and the only safety was for Caesar's friends. It seemed best, however, to Tullia and Terentia, in spite of Dolabella's services, to leave Rome and join Cicero in Campania, whither they came Feb. 3d, 49 B.C.

eamque rem: and that fact; subject of posse.

6. adiumento: dative of purpose or tendency.

vis: violence.

:

7. illud . . . quod video the fact that I see, etc. The substantive quod clause is in apposition with illud.

8. bonos: Cicero's common word for the men of his political side, elsewhere called the optimates and the viri optimi. They were not an organized political party with officers and caucuses and conventions. It was uncertain often who would be reckoned on one side or the other; but in general the group who followed Cicero's designs were consistent and well known. They fought under Pompey in the civil war, and they alone were the boni.

abesse Roma: without a preposition, as with other verbs of similar meaning, although verbs compounded with ab usually are followed by the preposition when used in their literal meaning.

9. haec... praediorum: furthermore, the district in which I am is one where not only the towns but the estates even are under my influence.

12. non satis constat adhuc: it is not quite clear yet.

13. isto loco: in your position. That is, women whose husbands have left the city through fear of Caesar. Ablative of quality. 15. velim subjunctive of modest assertion, I should like: as if one wished to soften the directness of any expression of his own desires. The difference in tone is apparent between this expression and the urgent perfice ut sis, capias suadeo, tu modo ineptias de