u. A noun should be kept in the same case if possible.

In illustration of these points, compare the following examples :

tt

1. Then he called them together, and having briefly addressed them waited a little, and led them out with him. Tunc convocatos cum breviter admonuisset, paulisper moratus secum eduxit.

2. The plan was universally approved, and its execution was intrusted to the consul. Cunctis rem approbantibus, negotium consuli datur.

3. This matter was soon accomplished, and the legions returned to winter-quarters. Eo celeriter confecto negotio, in hiberna legiones redierunt. 4. When Midas the Phrygian was a child, and asleep, some ants piled grains of corn upon his lips. Midae illi Phrygio," cum puer esset, dormienti formicae in os tritici grana congesserunt.

5. They came to the king at Pergamus. He received the ambassadors kindly, and conducted them to Pessinus. Pergamum ad regem venerunt, qui legatos comiter exceptos Pessinuntem deduxit.

6. If I cannot crush the pain, I will hide it. Dolorem" si non potero frangere, occultabo.

7. When the barbarians saw that he had escaped the flames, they hurled darts at him from a distance, and killed him. Quem ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, telis eminus emissis interfecerunt.

8. When Zopyrus, who professed to be able to read every one's character from his outward appearance, had at a party made a large catalogue of moral defects to reproach Socrates with, the rest laughed him to scorn; but Socrates came to his assistance. Cum multa in conventu vitia collegisset in eum Zopyrus, qui se naturam cujusque ex forma perspicere profitebatur, derisus est a ceteris, ab ipso autem Socrate sublevatus tt

9. For they believe that these divinities were born in the realm, and that grain was first discovered in their land; and that Libera, whom they also call Proserpine, was carried off from the grove of Enna. It is said that Ceres, in the course of her anxious search for her daughter, kindled her torch at the fires that blaze from Etna's summit; and, holding it before her, wandered over the whole world. Nam et natas esse has in iis locis deas, et fruges in ea terra primum repertas esse arbitrantur, et raptam esse Liberam, quam eamdem Proserpinam vocant, ex Hennensium nemore. Quam cum investigare et conquirere Ceres vellet,a dicitur inflammasse taedas iis ignibus qui ex Aetnae vertice erumpunt; quas sibi cum ipsa praeferret, orbem omnem peragrasse terrarum.

v. In turning loose sentences into periods, be sure to get the main idea in the main clause, and keep the other clauses in their proper relations (compare o). In general, the main subject or

object must be put in the main clause, not in the subordinate ones. Thus

1. When Hannibal had reviewed his auxiliary forces, he set out for Gades. Hannibal, cum recensuisset auxilia, Gades profectus est.

2. The augur Tiresias is described by the poets as a philosopher, and is never represented as bewailing his blindness. Augurem Tiresiam, quem sapientem fingunt poetae, numquam inducunt deplorantem caecitatem

suam.

3. The Volscians found that, now they were severed from every other hope, there was but little hope in prolonging the conflict. In addition to other disadvantages, they had engaged on a spot ill adapted for fighting, and worse for flight. Cut to pieces on every side, they abandoned the contest and cried for quarter. After surrendering their commander and delivering up their arms, they passed under the yoke; and with one garment each were sent to their homes, covered with disgrace and defeat. Volsci exiguam spem in armis, alia undique abscissa, cum tentassent, praeter cetera adversa, loco quoque iniquo ad pugnam congressi, iniquiore ad fugam, cum ab omni parte caederentur, ad preces a certamine versi, dedito imperatore traditisque armis, sub jugum missi, cum singulis vestimentis, ignominiae cladisque pleni dimittuntur”.

Here the main thought is the return of the Volscians: the circumstances of the surrender, &c., are put in the several subordinate clauses.

vv. The clauses should be arranged in the natural order of time or logical sequence, cause before result; purpose, manner, and the like, before the act. (There are, however, many exceptions to this rule, from the tendency to put the more important first or else last.)

w. Latin has a great fondness for antithesis and sharp contrasts, setting one word phrase or clause against another. This tendency will often control the order of words, phrases, or clauses.

x. As to the order of words: let the MAIN WORD be seized and put at the beginning (see Part I. p. 2). By this means the drift of the clause or sentence may almost always be indicated in advance.

y. A verb in the active voice is often rendered in Latin by the passive, and conversely, to avoid change of subject, or to secure a personal or concrete subject rather than an impersonal or abstract one (compare cc, with Lesson 20).

2. There are many idiomatic phrases which are to be rendered by Particles in Latin, especially in colloquial expressions, such as: WELL NOW, atque; TO BE SURE, BY THE WAY, IN FACT (also WHY!), quidem; FOR, YOU SEE, etenim; AND AFTER ALL, atque; CONSIDERING, ut; I SAY, igitur. YES may be given by etiam, maxime, vero, with a pronoun, or by repeating the verb; NO by immo, non, minime, or, repeating a word with the negative (see Grammar, § 212. a). These can only be learned by practice with

the Latin particles.

III.

IDIOMATIC PHRASES.

THE following examples include most of the idiomatic usages which have already been explained, together with some others, brought together here for convenient reference :

1. I come to help you, adjutor tibi venio (Part I. page 3).

2. I remember when a boy, puer memini.

3. Fabius in his second consulship, Fabius consul iterum.

4. A continued series of events, continuatio et series rerum (p. 5).

5. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est (p. 7).

6. He came against his will, invitus venit.

7. He was the first to see, primus vidit (p. 8).

8. The rest of the crowd, reliqua multitudo.

9. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant (p. 9).

10. The fight at Cannæ, pugna Cannensis.

II. Another man's house, aliena domus.

12. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, memoriae artem quam oblivionis malo (p. 12).

13. The army of Cæsar defeated that of Pompey, Caesaris exercitus Pompeianos vicit.

14. That [just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is a greater, that, &c., hoc magnum est argumentum, illud autem majus, quod, etc. (p. 13).

15. It is just three years, tres anni ipsi sunt.

16. The book you gave me, liber quem mihi dedisti (p. 15).

17. Cæsar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar qui Galliam vicit.

18. A class, of which there is great lack, cujus generis magna est

paucitas.

19. Those evils which we suffer with many seem to us lighter, quae mala cum multis patimur ea nobis leviora videntur.

20. There were as many opinions as men, quot homines tot erant sententiae (p. 16).

21. What can happen to any [one] man can happen to any man [whatever], cuivis potest accidere quod cuiquam potest.

22. Each army was in sight of the other, uterque utrique erat exercitus in conspectu (p. 19).

23. The boy's name is Marcus, puero nomen est Marco (p. 26). 24. It is the part of wisdom, est sapientis.

25. In silence, tacite (or silentio), p. 30.

26. I esteem Plato very highly, but the truth more, Platonem permagni sed veritatem pluris aestimo.

27. You have robbed me of my property, bona mihi abstulisti. 28. Much more rich than wise, multo divitior quam sapientior. 29. The more virtuously one lives the less he will injure others, quanto quis vivit honestius tanto minus nocebit aliis.

30. A means of guarding against troubles, cautio incommodorum. 31. Jealousy of the Senate, invidia senatoria (p. 35).

32. More learning than wisdom, plus doctrinae quam sapientiae. 33. You ought to have gone, te ire oportuit.

34. Within four days after this was done, the matter was reported to Chrysogonus in Sulla's camp at Volaterræ, quadriduo

quo haec gesta sunt res ad Chrysogonum in castra L. Sullae

Volaterras defertur (p. 41).

35. To fight on horseback, ex equo pugnare (p. 43).

36. He would often play with his children, saepe cum pueris lude

bat (p. 46).

37. I begin to feel like dancing, jam lubet saltare.

38. The commander is relieved, imperatori succeditur (p. 49).

39. Men do not gather grapes from thorns, ex sentibus uvae non percipiuntur.

40. Socrates was put to death by his fellow-citizens, Socratem cives sui interfecerunt (p. 50).

41. Crassus is not envied for his wealth, Crasso divitiae non invidentur (p. 51).

42. What is creation? Quid est creare? (p. 53).

43. It was reported that Cæsar's house had been attacked (or, An attack on Cæsar's house was reported), oppugnatio Caesaris domus nuntiabatur (p. 55).

44. In the following winter, ea quae secuta est hieme (p. 57).

45. Any evil is easily crushed at its birth, omne malum nascens

facile opprimitur (p. 57).

46. Your being here is agreeable, quod ades (or, te adesse) gratum

est (p. 60).

47. I dissuaded him from going, ne iret dissuasi.

48. I should like to go, ire velim (p. 63).

49. I could wish he were here, vellem adesset.

50. What was I to do? Quid facerem ?

51. Cæsar was too merciful to punish his adversaries, clementior erat Caesar quam ut inimicos puniret (p. 71).

52. He was accused of treason against his country, accusatus est quod patriam prodidisset (p. 75).

53. I have yet to speak of the war against the pirates, reliquum est ut de bello dicam piratico (p. 72).

54. An inestimable value, pretium majus quam ut aestimetur. 55. To think that you should have fallen into such grief for me! te in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse ! (p. 83).

56. What! I interrupt you? egone ut te interpellem ?

57. I do not doubt that he will come, non dubito quin venturus sit. 58. Not to be tedious, ne longus sim.

59. It would befit us to mourn, nos decebat lugere.

60. I fear he will come, vereor ne veniat.

61. I fear he will not come, vereor ut veniat. 62. And besides, accedit quod (with indic.). 63. To utter many falsehoods, multa mentiri. 64. It is worth while, operae pretium est.

65. He says he has not done it, negat se fecisse.

66. The many defeats they have sustained, clades quas plurimas passi sunt.

67. To have a prosperous voyage, ex sententia navigare.

68. Such is his self-command, quae est ejus continentia; or, qua est continentia..

69. So far as I know, quod scio (sciam).

70. I never heard him without admiration, numquam eum audivi quin admirarer.

71. I cannot but believe, non possum quin credam.

72. Nothing prevents your reading the book, nihil obstat quominus

librum legas.

73. How many are there of you? Quot estis?

74. I made him retire, effect ut se reciperet.

75. He deserves to be loved, dignus est qui ametur.

76. For many years he has been in my debt, multi sunt anni cum

in nostro aere est.