and those introduced by when, if, because, although, together with many adverbial phrases. a. If there is any word in the main clause to which the participle can be attached as a modifier, it usually agrees with it. This corresponds to the English use of participles, except that it is much more common. 1. Any evil is easily crushed at its birth, omne malum nascens facile opprimitur. 2. The enemy slay Valerius while fighting bravely, Valerium hostes acerrime pugnantem occidunt. b. If there is no word to which the participle can be attached, the participle is put in the ablative, with some word in agreement, which serves as a kind of Subject (Ablative Absolute: see examples in "Method,” p. 121). c. Even what in English seems a separate clause is in Latin often crowded into the main clause in a participial form: as, 1. Our men followed them close― encumbered as they were- and cut them down, quos impeditos nostri consecuti occiderunt. 2. It is a wretched thing to fret yourself when it does no good, miserum est nihil proficientem angi. d. The perfect active participle, which is missing in Latin, is supplied either (1) by a change of voice with the Ablative Absolute; or (2) by a clause with cum or dum. The difficulty is, however, often avoided by the use of Deponents, whose perfect participle usually has an active signification. Thus 1. Having delayed a little, and set fire to all the villages, they pushed forward, paulisper morati, omnibus vicis incensis, contenderunt. 2. Having observed this, he sent the third line as a relief to our men who were in difficulty, id cum animadvertisset, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. Exercise 21. 1. Veii was not succored by the other Etruscan cities then threatened with an invasion of the Gauls. Besides, the Veians had given themselves a king instead of the annual magistrate, and a king odious to the other cities. This lucumo, irritated at1 not having been named chief of the confederation, had stirred up the artisans, and violently interrupted the sacred games of Volsinii. On leaving for the siege of Veii, the Roman knights swore never to return, unless [they were] conquerors. This was also the vow of the Spartans on leaving for Ithome. On 2 the approach of the Roman army, the Veians left their city, clothed in funeral apparel, and bearing lighted torches. The city was taken by a mine. The besiegers, [who were] concealed in it3 near the temple of Juno, overheard the reply of an oracle, which the Etruscans had consulted. "Victory," said the priest, "shall be with 4 him who shall sacrifice this heifer on the altar." Then the Roman soldiers burst into the temple, seized the axe from the priest's hand, and struck down the heifer; and the town, thus betrayed by its own gods, fell into the hands of the Romans. 2. The deputation arrived at Epidaurus the peculiar seat of Æsculapius, and invited the god to make his abode at Rome. Nor did he refuse; for one of the snakes sacred to Esculapius crawled from his temple to the city of Epidaurus, and thence proceeded to the sea-shore, and climbed up into the ship of the Roman ambassadors [which was] drawn up on the beach. They now, instructed by the Epidaurians that the god willingly accompanied them, sailed away with the sacred snake to Italy. But when 5 the ship stopped at Antium so goes the story-the snake left [it and] crawled to the temple of Esculapius 2 Ablative. 1 Accusative with Infinitive. 3 Relative. • Participle. in that city; where he coiled himself round a tall palmtree, and remained for three days. The Romans meanwhile anxiously awaited his return to the ship. At last he went1 back [and] did not move again till the ship entered the Tiber. Then, when she came 2 to Rome, he again crawled forth, swam to the island in the middle of the Tiber, and there went on shore and remained quiet. A temple was built, therefore, to the god on the spot which he had himself chosen. 1 Participle. Pluperf. subj. (impers.). Lesson 23. Verbs.-5. Gerundive Constructions. 1. LEARN § 114. a, with §§ 295-301 (uses of the Gerund and Gerundive). 2. The English participial noun, or verbal in -ING, is represented in Latin in several different ways. a. When it is subject or object, by the Infinitive (see Lesson 21), or quod with the Indicative; rarely by a verbal noun: as, 1. Your being here is agreeable, quod ades (or te adesse) gratum est. 2. I prefer writing to speaking, malo scribere quam loqui. b. In the other cases, most commonly by the Gerund or Gerundive; less commonly by an Adverbial or Substantive Clause (see Lessons 25, 27): as, 1. The labor of writing is irksome, labor scribendi molestum est. 2. A plan was formed for firing the city, consilium inflammandae urbis initum est. 3. I dissuaded him from going, ne iret dissuasi. NOTE. The Gerund and Gerundive are precisely equivalent in meaning. But the Gerundive, being in its origin a passive construction, can be used only of verbs which govern the accusative (except utor, &c.). When it can be used, it is generally to be preferred. c. The phrase "without doing any thing," or the like, has no corresponding expression in Latin; but must be analyzed and rendered by some other form of words, chiefly a participle or the ablative absolute: as, I. Without accomplishing his purpose, re infecta. 2. Without being compelled, non coactus. 3. He went away without doing this, abiit neque hoc fecit. 4. You shall not go without doing this, non abibis nisi hoc feceris. 5. I trod on a snake without knowing it, anguem calcavi insciens (or inscienter). d. PURPOSE is often expressed in Latin by the accusative of the Gerund or Gerundive with ad, or by the Genitive followed by causā or gratia (see hereafter, Lesson 26, and examples, Grammar, § 318). Exercise 22. 1. When polished nations have obtained the glory of victory, or have enriched themselves by the addition-of1 territory, they may end the war with honor. But savages are not satisfied until they extirpate the community which is the object of their rage. They fight not to conquer, but to destroy. If they engage in hostilities, it is with a resolution never to-see 5 the face of the enemy in peace, but to prosecute the war with immortal enmity. The desire of vengeance [is] the first and almost the only [principle which] a savage instils into the minds of [his] children. 6 2. Cato's opinion prevailed, and the Senate only waited for a favorable opportunity to-destroy 5 the city. The Romans had resolved on war; and when the Carthaginian ambassadors arrived at Rome, to offer to the Senate the submission of Carthage, the two consuls were already levying troops. The ambassa3 Perfect. ad, with gerund. 1 Gerundive. 2 licet. bello decertare statuerant. dors, knowing that resistance was hopeless, sought' to appease the anger of the Senate by unconditional obedience. They were ordered to send three hundred of the noblest families to [meet] the consuls at Lilybæum, and were told that the consuls would inform them of the further orders of the Senate. 3. Sulla, [when] quaestor in the war against-Jugurtha,2 by his zeal and energy soon gained the full approval of [his] commander. He was equally successful in gaining the affections of the soldiers. He always addressed them with the greatest kindness, seized every opportunity of conferring favors upon them, was ever ready to take-part-in all the jests of the camp, and [at the same time] never shrank from sharing in all their labors and dangers. It is a curious circumstance that Marius gave to his future enemy and the destroyer of his family and party the first opportunity of distinguishing himself. The enemies of Marius claimed for Sulla the glory of the betrayal-of Jugurtha; and Sulla himself took the credit of it by always wearing a signet ring representing the [scene of the] surrender. 5 1 conor. 3 ad, with gerundive. 5 Lit. "on which was represented." 2 Adjective. • Perf. part. Lesson 24. Verbs. -6. Subjunctive Constructions. 1. LEARN §§ 265, with a, b; 266–268 (uses of the Subjunctive); and 269, with a (Imperative Constructions). 2. The Subjunctive mood in Latin is used to represent a great variety of constructions in English, most |