of which are included in the dependent clauses, to be given in future Lessons. The others are the following:

a. The rare Subjunctive in English is for the most part rendered by the subjunctive in Latin (but compare special constructions in future Lessons). Thus

I. Let him that standeth take heed lest he fall, caveat qui stat ne cadat.

2. I care not, so it serve the state, nil mea refert dummodo rei publicae prosit.

3. What would Cicero say if he were alive? Quid diceret Cicero si viveret?

b. The auxiliaries which form the English Potential- may, might, could, would, should- are very loose in their use and meaning, being sometimes pure auxiliaries, and sometimes retaining their proper force. In the former case they are generally rendered by the subjunctive in Latin; in the latter, they require some verb of similar meaning. Thus

1. You may say (it is possible you should say), dicas.

2. You may say (you are permitted to say), licet dicere. 3. He would go if I should wish it, eat si velim.

4. He would go (now) if I wished it, iret si vellem.

5. You would have it so, sic voluisti.

6. I should like to go, ire velim.

7. I could wish he were here, vellem adesset.

8. A soldier should obey his commander, miles imperatori parere debet.

9. Whoever could go went, quicumque ire poterat ivit. 10. What could I do (what was I to do)? Quid facerem ? II. I wish he would come, utinam veniat.

12. Would he were now here! O si nunc adesset!

c. The English Imperative except commands in the second person is regularly rendered by the Latin subjunctive. Commands addressed to a definite person take the imperative in Latin; prohibitions to a definite person, 1. noli, with the infinitive; 2. cave, with the present subjunctive; 3. ne, with the perfect subjunctive. Thus

1. Let us go, eamus.

2. Well, be it so, fiat sane.

3. Let justice be done though the heavens fall, fiat justitia ruat caelum.

4. Leap down, fellow-soldiers, desilite, commilitones.

5. Do not suppose, nolite putare.

6. Pardon nothing, do nothing by favor, be not moved by compassion, nihil ignoveris, nihil gratiae causa feceris, misericordia commotus ne sis.

d. General precepts, both affirmative and negative, are regularly expressed by the second person of the present subjunctive, less commonly the perfect.

e. There are many idiomatic constructions more especially clauses of Result and clauses in Indirect Discourse - which in Latin require the subjunctive, though they have no modal form in English. (For these constructions, see hereafter, especially Lessons 26 and 28.)

Exercise 23.

1. "Let him go then," they said, "where he pleases as an exile, and suffer in some other place whatever fate has reserved for him; and let us pray that the gods visit us not with their anger, for rejecting Marius from our city in poverty and rags." Moved by such considerations, all in a body entered the room where Marius was, and getting round him, began to conduct him to the sea.

2. "Why," said Rasselas, "should you envy others so great an advantage? All skill ought to be exerted for universal good. Every man has owed much to others, and ought to repay the kindness that he has received."

3. Sweet language will multiply friends, and a fairspeaking tongue will increase kind greetings. Be in peace with many; nevertheless have but one counsellor of a thousand. If thou wouldest1 get a friend, prove

1 volo.

4

him first, and1 be not1 hasty 2 to credit him. For some 3 man is a friend for his own occasion, and 5 will not 5 abide in the day of thy trouble.

4. My lords, if you must fall may you so fall. But if you stand and stand I trust you will together with the fortunes of this ancient monarchy, - together with the ancient laws and liberties of this great and illustrious kingdom, - may you stand as unimpeached in honor as in power. May you stand the refuge of afflicted nations! May you stand a sacred temple for the perpetual residence of an inviolable justice!

5. Believe me, Athenians! if, recovering from this lethargy, you would assume the ancient spirit and freedom of your fathers, the world might once more behold you playing a part worthy of Athenians! May the gods inspire you to determine upon such measures!

6. Lay hold on this chance of safety, Conscript Fathers! by the immortal gods I conjure you. Give one sign to the Roman people, that even as now they pledge their valor, so you pledge your wisdom to the crisis of the state. Do you not know this Antony? Do you not know his companions? To be slaves to such as he, to such as they, would it not be the fullest measure of misery, joined with the fullest measure of disgrace? If it be so which heaven forfend!that the supreme hour of the republic has come, let us, the rulers of the world, rather fall with honor than serve with infamy! Born to glory and to liberty, let us hold these bright distinctions fast, or let us greatly die!

-

2 Adverb.

8 quispiam.

temporis causa.

7 • Patres Conscripti. Pres. subj. ut, with subj.

Lesson 25.

Relations of Time.

1. LEARN §§ 322-324; 325, with b; 326-328 (use of Temporal Particles); 283-286, with Remark (Sequence of Tenses).

REMARK. Whenever it becomes necessary to use the Subjunctive mood in a subordinate clause — as in this and the following Lessons— careful attention must be paid to the rule for the Sequence of Tenses. The learner must notice carefully which is the main clause, i. e., what is the main fact to be stated. This is often disguised in English by one or more modifying clauses; especially Relative (WHO, WHICH), Temporal (WHEN), and Conditional (IF). Upon the time of the main clause will depend the time of the whole. Sometimes, however, an intervening dependent verb may throw the time back so as to require secondary tenses in those which follow, though the leading verb is primary. Thus

1. Cicero is said to have gone into exile to prevent civil war, Cicero ex patria excessisse dicitur ut bellum civile averteret.

2. We seem to have advanced so far that even in fulness of words we are not surpassed by the Greeks, tantum profecisse videmur ut a Graecis ne verborum quidem copia vinceremur.

2. The English particle WHEN and similar expressions of time are rendered in Latin by two different constructions: a. ubi, postquam, and similar particles (see 324) with the Indicative, usually the perfect; b. cum, generally with the Indicative of the present or perfect, and with the Subjunctive of the imperfect or pluperfect (325: see examples in Grammar).

REMARK.

The distinction between these two constructions is not at first obvious; but will become clearer by considering the distinction of Absolute and Relative time (see Note on page 234 of the Grammar), and by careful observation of the practice of Latin writers.

a. If WHEN is equivalent to WHENEVER, the Indicative is always to be used: as,

When midsummer had begun, he used to make his quarters at Syracuse, cum aestas summa esse jam coeperat, Syracusis stativa faciebat.

b. The common English form of narrative, "Such and such things had happened (were happening), WHEN," &c., is always to be rendered with the Indicative in Latin — usually with cum: as,

1. This he had said when news was brought, dixerat hoc cum nuntiatum est.

2. I was just reading your letters, when one was brought me, legebam tuas epistolas, cum mihi epistola adfertur.

c. If WHEN or WHILE approaches in meaning to SINCE (as it often does in fact), it is expressed by cum with the subjunctive; sometimes by other constructions (see Lesson 22): as,

But if you do not yet quite see— - when the thing itself is plain by so many clear proofs and tokens, quod si nondum satis cernitis-cum res ipsa tot tam claris argumentis signisque luceat.

Exercise 24.

1. Hamilcar had poured the libation on the victim, which was duly offered on the altar; when on-a-sudden he desired1 all the others to step aside to a little distance, [and then] called his son Hannibal. Hannibal, a boy of nine years old, went up to his father, and Hamilcar asked him kindly whether 2 he would like to go with him to the war. When the boy eagerly caught at the offer and with a child's earnestness implored his father to take him, Hamilcar took ut, with subj.

1 1 Participle.

2 velletne.

3