him by the hand and led him up to the altar; and bade him, if he wished to follow his father, to lay his hand on the altar, and swear that he would never be the friend of the Romans. Hannibal swore, and never to his latest hour forgot his vow.

2. When 2 Archias came to the door of the temple with his satellites, he found Demosthenes seated. He first addressed him in [language of] friendly persuasion, and offered to intercede with Antipater in his behalf. Demosthenes, having listened for-a-time in silence to his bland professions, at length replied, " Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will you now by your promises." When the player found that he was detected, he threw away the mask and threatened in earnest. "Now," said Demosthenes, "you speak from the Macedonian tripod: before you were only acting. Wait a little till I have written 4 a letter to my friends at home." And he took a roll as if to write ; and, as was his wont when he was engaged in composition, put the end of the reed to his mouth, and bit it; he then covered his head with his robe and bowed his head.

6

3. When he had remained some time in this attitude, the barbarians, thinking that he was lingering through fear, began to taunt him with cowardice; and Archias, going up, urged 5 him to rise, and repeated his offers of mediation. Demosthenes now felt the poison in his veins: he uncovered his face, and fixing his eyes on the dissembler said, "It is time for you, Archias, to finish the part of Creon, and cast my body to the dogs. I quit thy sanctuary, Poseidon, still • Future perfect. 6 jam.

1 si vellet.

2 ubi.

3

nunc.

5

petere ab eo ut.

breathing; though1 Antipater and the Macedonians have not spared even this from pollution." So saying, he moved with-faltering-step towards the door; but had scarcely passed the altar, when he fell with a groan, and breathed his last.

1 cum, with subj.

Lesson 26.

Purpose and Result.

1. READ carefully the Introductory Note on p. 227. REMARK. a. In general, Relative or other subordinate clauses are used in Latin nearly as in English. But in Latin the Subjunctive mood is used in many such clauses, where English uses the Indicative. It will be seen, therefore, that not every relative or other subordinate clause is to be translated by the Latin subjunctive; nor, on the other hand, is every English indicative in such clauses to be rendered by the indicative. The learner must, accordingly, accustom himself to notice the true (logical) relation between the subordinate and the main clause; and express the former according to the Latin idiom, which will appear in the subsequent Lessons.

b. When a relative clause (including those introduced by relative adverbs and conjunctions) simply states a fact or circumstance which might be put as an independent statement, there is no occasion for the subjunctive in Latin. But in most cases, where there is a logical relation between the two clauses, so that the force of the relative clause would be lost by taking it out of its connection with the former, the subjunctive is required in Latin.

N. B. Clauses expressing CAUSE introduced in English by because, since, inasmuch as take the subjunctive only in special idiomatic uses (see § 321).

c. The most common uses of the subjunctive in clauses of the kind above referred to are to express PURPOSE -in order that, that, to, in order to, and the like; or RESULT· - so that, that, so as to.

2. LEARN § 317 with 318 (clauses of Purpose); § 319 with a, b (clauses of Result); 320 and a, e, ƒ (clauses of Characteristic).

3. In English, relations of purpose and result are often expressed by the Infinitive, which must never be used in this way in Latin.

a. The most general way of expressing Purpose is by ut (negatively ne), unless the purpose is closely connected with some one word, in which case the relative is more common. Thus

1. Arria gave her husband a sword in order that he might kill himself, Arria gladium dedit marito ut se interficeret.

2. Arria gave her husband a sword to kill himself with, Arria gladium dedit marito quo se interficeret.

b. The Gerundive constructions of Purpose are usually limited to short concise expressions, where the literal translation of the phrase, though not the English idiom, is nevertheless not harsh or strange.

c. The Supine in this construction is used only with verbs of motion and a few idiomatic expressions (see § 302). The Future Participle of Purpose should be avoided.

d. A kind of purpose is expressed idiomatically by the Gerundive used passively after particular verbs (see § 294. d).

e. In the greater number of cases Result is expressed by ut (negatively ut non), the relative being less common (compare examples in § 319).

f. The use of the Subjunctive in clauses of Characteristic (see § 320) can only be learned by practice and comparison of examples. But compare what is said above of Relative clauses in general.

g. Expressions such as "He is too honest to deceive," "It is too distant to be seen," and the like, which are very common in

English, are in Latin to be rendered by a clause of Result with quam ut following a Comparative: as,

Cæsar was too merciful to punish his adversaries, clementior erat Caesar quam ut inimicos puniret.

Exercise 25.

1. On the reedy margin of the lake stood here and there some monuments; tombs, it was said,1 of ancient Assyrian kings. As the royal galley, which Alexander steered himself, passed near one of them, a sudden gust of wind carried away his cap into the water, and lodged' the light diadem which circled it on one of the reeds which grew out of the tomb. One of the soldiers immediately swam out to recover it; 2 and, to keep it dry, placed it on his own head. Alexander rewarded him with a talent; but at the same time ordered him to be flogged for the thoughtlessness with which he had assumed the ensign of royalty. The diviners, it is said, took the matter more seriously, and advised the king to inflict death on the offender,5 in order to avert the omen.

3

2. Socrates recommends to Alcibiades, in order that he might have a model for his devotions, a short prayer which a Greek poet composed for the use of his friend in-the-following-words: 6" O Jupiter! give us those things which are good for us, whether they are such things as we pray for or such things as we do not pray for; and remove from us those things which are hurtful, though they are such things as we pray for."

3. Polybius also learned the Roman tongue, and attained to that knowledge of their laws, their rights, their customs and antiquities, that few of their own 3 Subjunctive. 7 demitto.

1 dicebant.
4 ut, with subj.

2 Relative.
5 homo. 6 ita.

citizens understood them better. So that he taught the noblemen of Rome their own municipal laws; and was accounted more skilful in them than Fabius Pictor, a man of the senatorial order, who wrote the transactions of the Punic wars. He who neglected none of the laws of history was so careful of truth that he made it his whole business to deliver nothing to posterity which might deceive them; and by that diligence and exactness may be known to be studious of truth and a lover of it.

4. The Pompeians were too much dispirited to make any resistance. Shivered once more at the first onset, they poured in broken masses over hill and plain. But Cæsar was not yet satisfied. Allowing a part of his troops only to return to the camp, he led four legions in hot pursuit by a shorter and better road, and drew them up at a distance of six miles from the field of battle.

1 qua diligentia ac cura.

Lesson 27.

Conditional Sentences.

READ carefully pages 214-226, including all the sub-sections, and committing to memory the types of conditional expressions on pages 216, 217.

a. The learner should notice carefully the precise nature of the condition which he wishes to render into Latin, because the use of the tenses in English is not uniform. Thus, "If he is alive now" is a present condition, to be expressed in Latin by the Present Indicative; "If he is alive next year" is a future condition, and would be expressed by the Future Indicative. "If he were here now " is a present condition contrary to fact, and would be expressed by the Imperfect Subjunctive; "If he were to see me thus" is a future condition, to be expressed by the Present Subjunctive.