me et in exercitum meum effecerunt: sed cum de illo laboro, tum de multis amplissimis viris, quibus semel esse ignotum a te oportet, ne beneficium tuum in dubium vocari, nec haerere in animis hominum solicitudinem sempiternam, nec accidere, ut quisquam te timere incipiat eorum, qui semel a te sint liberati timore. Non debeo, C. Caesar, quod fieri solet in tantis periculis, tentare, quonam modo dicendo misericordiam tuam commovere possim. Nihil opus est. Occurrere ipsa solet supplicibus et calamitosis, nullius oratione evocata. Propone tibi duos reges; et id animo contemplare, quod oculis non potes dabis profectò misericordiae, quod iracundiae negavisti. Multa sunt tuae clementiae monumenta : sed maximè eorum incolumitates, quibus salutem dedisti. Quae si in privatis gloriosa sunt, multò magis commemorabuntur in regibus. Semper regium nomen in hâc civitate sanctum fuit: sociorum verò regum et amicorum, sanctissimum.

XV. Quod nomen hi reges ne amitterent, te victore, timuerunt: retentum verò, et a te confirmatum, posteris etiam suis tradituros esse confido. Corpora verò sua, pro salute regum suorum, "hi legati tibi regii tradunt, Hieras et Blesamius et Antigonus, tibi nobisque omnibus jamdiu noti, eâdemque fide et virtute praeditus Dorylaus, qui nupèr cum Hierâ lega

7. Exercitum meum---The army, which Cicero commanded in Cil. icia, and which he employed in subduing the robbers, who infested his province.

8. Duos reges---Deiotarus and his son.

9. Hi legatiUpon this passage a commentator observes, This was a very high strain of loyalty towards so worthless a fellow as Deiotarus appears to have been; for these three persons offered to stand the rack to prove their prince's innocence.” W

tus est ad te missus; tum regum amicissimi, tum tibi etiam, ut spero, probati. Exquire de Blesamio, nunquid ad regem contra dignitatem tuam scripserit. Hieras quidem causam omnem suscipit, et criminibus illis pro rege se supponit reum : memoriam tuam implorat, quâ vales plurimùm: negat unquam se a te in Deiotari tetrarchiâ pedem discessisse in primis finibus tibi se praesto fuisse dicit, usque ad ultimos prosecutum : cum a balneo exîsses, tecum se fuisse : cum illa munera inspexisses coenatus: cum in cubiculo recubuisses: eandemque assiduitatem tibi se praebuisse postridie. Quamobrem, si quid eorum, quae objecta sunt, cogitatum sit: non recusat, quin id facinus suum judices. Quocirca, C. Caesar, velim existimes, hodierno die sententiam tuam, aut cum summo dedecore miserrimam pestem importaturam esse regibus, aut incolumem famam cum salute; quorum alterum optare, illorum crudelitatis est; alterum conservare, clementiae tuae.1

1. In defence of king Deiotarus Brutus also spoke. Caesar was pleased with the tribute of adulation, which Cicero, as usual, paid him, but was astonished at the boldness of Brutus. Brutus deliv ered the sentiments of a republican. Brutus had been the friend of Caesar; but when Caesar heard the freedom of his address, he be gan to suspect, that Brutus would not with ease submit to his usur pation. The catastrophe of Caesar's life is well known. Cicero and Brutus however on this occasion succeeded. Deiotarus was pardoned.

THIS elegant oration was delivered in the 692nd year of Rome, two years after the Consulship of Cicero, and one year after the entire defeat of Catiline and his accomplices. In early life Cicero had been placed under the tuition of Aulus Licinius Archias, a native of Antioch, and a man patronised by men of the greatest eminence in Rome for his learning, genius, and politeness. His fame and celebrity were so great, that Lucullus invited him to reside in his family, and gave him the privilege of opening a school in it, to which many of the young Roman nobility were sent to be educated. The prosperity of this popular poet and instructer, however, was interrupted by the malignity of an obscure person, of the name of Gracchus, or by the subornation of those, who persuaded him to acts of enmity against Archias. Sylvanus and Carbo had passed a law, which enacted, that those should be esteemed Roman citizens, who were admitted to the freedom of any of the confederated cities, who, at the time of the passing of the law, had a dwelling in Italy, and who claimed their privilege before the Praetor within sixty days. Upon this law, in the Consulship of M. P. Piso and M. V. Messala, Gracchus accused Archias; he said, that Archias lived in the city as a citizen, while he was not entitled to the rights of citizenship. He denied, that Archias was admitted to the freedom of any of the confederated cities, that he had an abode in Italy at the time the law passed, and that he had claimed the privileges of a citizen before the Praetor. In this oration, which was delivered before the Praetor, Cicero defends Archias, his friend and former instructer; he refutes the allegations of Gracchus,and proves thatArchias was admitted to the freedom of Heraclea and other cities, that he dwelt in Italy at the time of the passing of the law, and that he claimed his privileges before the Praetor. The orator, however, does not confine himself to the defence of Archias, but with great beauty and elegance descants upon the praises of poetry in general, and upon the talents and merit of the defendant. According to Dr. Middleton, Cicero expected for his pains an immortality of fame from the prais es of Archias' muse; but, by a contrary fate of things, instead of deriving any addition of glory from Archias' compositions, it is wholly owing to his own, that the name of Archias has not long ago been buried in oblivion. From the great character given by him of the genius and character or this poet, we cannot help regretting the entire loss of his works; he had sung in Greek verse the triumphs of Marius over the Cimbri, and of Lucullus over Mithridates, and was now attempting the Consulship of Cicero; but this perished with the rest, or rather was left unfinished and interrupted by his death, since we find no further mention of it in Cicero's later writings. At the time of delivering this oration, Cicero was in the forty-sixth year of his age.

a

SI quid est in me ingenii, Judices, quod sentio quàm

sit exiguum; aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in quâ me non inficior mediocritèr esse versatum; aut si hujusce rei ratio aliqua, optimarum artium studiis et disciplinâ profecta, 1a quâ ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse: 2earum rerum omnium vel in primis hic A. Licinius fructum a me repetere propè suo jure debet. Nam quoad longissimè potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis, et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque repetens, hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum extitisse. Quòd si haec vox hujus hortatu praeceptisque conformata nonnullis aliquando saluti fuit; a quo id accepimus, quo caeteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic profectò ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et salutem ferre debemus. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici fortè miretur, quòd alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingenii, neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina : *ne nos quidem huic cuncti studio penitùs unquam

1. A quâ nullum aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse-Cicero devoted his leisure hours to the studies of philosophy and the belles lettres. In early life he cultivated his poetical talents and composed a poem in tetrameter verse, entitled PONTIUS GLAUCUS, which was extant at the time Plutarch composed his biography,

2. Earum rerum fructum suo jure—As Aias had improved his mind, Cicero thought that he was entitled to the benefit of his instructions.

3. Memoriam ultimam-Archias came to Rome, when Cicero was but five years of age, and became Cicero's instructer, while he was yet very young.

4. Ne nos........cuncti-Some editions insert uni, others curae et, in the place of cuncti; but most editions have admitted cuncti. A literal translation of the sentence is-And let no one be surprised,

dediti fuimus.

Etenim omnes artes, quae ad hu

manitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune vinculum, et quasi cognatione quâdam inter se continentur.

II. Sed ne cui vestrûm mirum esse videatur, me in "quaestione legitimâ et in judicio publico, cum res agatur apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et apud severissimos judices, tanto conventu hominum ac frequentiâ, "hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modò a consuetudine judiciorum, verùm etiam a forensi sermone abhorreat; quaeso a vobis, ut in hâc causâ mihi detis hanc veniam, accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quemadmodum spero, non molestam; ut me pro summo poetâ atque eruditissimo homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum literatissimorum, hâc vestrâ humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente judicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac literarum paulò loqui liberiùs: et in ejusmodi personâ, quae propter otium ac studium minimè in judiciis periculisque tractata est, uti propè novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. Quod si mihi a vobis tribui concedique sentiam; perficiam profectò, ut hunc A. Licinium non modò non segregandum, cum sit

that this should be said by me, because in him there is a different kind of genius, and not this mode and exercise of speaking; neither have I indeed ever devoted myself wholly to this study.

5. Quaestione legitimâ----Those causes were called questiones legitimae, which were provided for by the laws, and in which any one had a right to call the delinquents to a trial.

6. Apud praetorem-The Praetor Urbanus had cognizance of these actions.

7. Hoc uti genero-Cicero seems to have thought, that, if he could not move the judges by his arguments, he might insure his success by diverting them with the beauties of his imagination and the charms of his composition.

8. Hominum literatissimorum-The friends of Archias, and other literary characters attended this trial to hear the defence of Cicero

and learn its success.