for play, and still exists locally in lake-fellow for play-fellow. To lake is common in Cumberland and Westmoreland in the sense of 'to play.'1 Examples: wedlock; and in an altered form, knowledge. knowleche. But and yf he wolde haue comen hyther, he myght haue ben here, for he had knowleche by the kynges messager.-William Caxton, Reynart (1481), p. 58, ed. Arber. 326. -hood was an independent substantive in Saxon literature, in the form of HAD. 32. This word signified office, degree, faculty, quality. Thus, while the power and jurisdiction of a bishop was called 'biscopdom' and 'biscopric,' the sacred function which is bestowed in consecration was called 'biscophâd.' The verb for ordaining or consecrating was one which signified the bestowal of HAD, viz. 'hadian.' Examples:-boyhood, brotherhood, childhood, falsehood, hardihood, likelihood, livelihood, maidenhood, manhood, sisterhood, widowhood. A secondary form is -hed, which in Godhead is obscured by an unmeet orthography, so that the meaning Godhood is not quite plain 2. Both forms are found in Chaucer, as chapmanhode (Man of Lawes Tale, stanza 2), goodelyhede (Blaunche 829). In Spenser it is -hed or hedd, as in his description of a comet : dreryhedd. All as a blazing starre doth farre outcast His hearie beames, and flaming lockes dispredd, 1 Guthlac was not only a word for battle, but was also a man's name; to wit, of the Hermit of Croyland. Also warlock may be regarded as one of this class, at least by assimilation. It is probably a modification of the Saxon war-loga, which Grein eloquently translates veritatis infitiator, and which was applicable to almost any sort of intelligent being that was perfidious, and under a ban, and beyond the pale of humanity. 2 It were a merit, if any had the courage, to write Godhed. At sight whereof the people stand aghast; bountihed. The Faery Queene, iii. 1. 16. She seemed a woman of great bountihed. Id. iii. I. 41. The word livelihood merits notice by itself. It has been assimilated to this class by the influence of such forms as likelihood. The original Saxon word was lif-ladu (vitae cursus), the course or leading of life. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it was written liflode, and was the commonest word for 'living' in the sense of means of life, where we should now use the (unhistorical) form livelihood. This formative is represented in German by -heit, as echt genuine, Echtheit genuineness; or feit, as eitel idle, Eitelkeit frivolity, vanity. 327. -ship is from the old verb SCEAPAN, to shape; and indeed it is the mere addition of the general idea of shape on to the noun of which it becomes the formative abstract. It corresponds to the German -schaft, as Gesell companion, Gesellschaft society. Examples: authorship, doctorship, fellowship, friendship, lordship, ladyship, ownership, proctorship, trusteeship, workmanship, worship (=worth-ship). Illustrations: The proctorship and the doctorship.-Clarendon, History, i. § 189. Trusteeship has been converted into ownership.-Edward Hawkins, Our Debts to Cæsar and to God, 1868. The Dutch form is -schap, as in Landschap (Germ. Landschaft)-a word which we have borrowed from the Dutch artists, and made into landscape. 328. The form -ric is an old word for rule, sway, dominion, jurisdiction. We have but one word left with this formative, viz. bishopric. There used to be others, as cyneric, like the German Königreich; but we now say 'kingdom.' They would not regard the last syllable in this word as a formative, but as an independent substantive Reich, and they would regard Königreich as a compound. We cannot so regard bishopric, simply because we have lost ric as a distinct substantive; but when the word bishopric was first made, it was made as a compound. The same is true of all this group of substantives in -dom, -hood, -lock, red, -ship, that they were originally started as compounds; but the latter member having lost its independent hold on the speech, it has come to be regarded as a mere formative attached to the body of the word as a significant termination. At the end of the Saxon list it seems most natural to mention a few words which make their appearance for the first time with the modern English language, and of which the origin is obscure. Such are boy, girl, pig, dog. Piers Plowman has boy, and so has Chaucer A slier boy was non in Engelonde. Canterbury Tales, 6904. French Forms. 329. The next forms were those which we obtained from the French in the period when our language was in a state of pupillage. Some of these have acquired a homely, almost a Saxon air, as bowel (O. Fr. boel, N. Fr. boyau), jewel, power, tower. Not unfrequently the French nouns which came into English had been previously borrowed from the Franks, or some other race of Gothic stock. Thus guardian, which occurs in every chief language of Europe, is from Old High Dutch ward, and corresponds to the last syllable in the Saxon name Edward. In our form warden, we cast off the French guise of the first syllable, but retained the Romanesque termination, Latin -ianus, French -ien. The French garden is radically one with the English yard; the French range with the English rank: and so in many other instances. Some of our French substantives are hard to classify, because their formatives are obliterated; as anguish, aunt ante (amita), chief chef (caput), court, dame, depôt, estate, face, grace, image, justice, page, peace, peril, place, pride, ruin, rule, vial, virtue, vow vœu. The French substantival forms are: -y -el -er -ery -our -son, -shion, -som -ment -et, -ette, -let -age, -enger -or, -our, -er -er, -or, -ar -ier, -yer, -er, -eer -ee -ard -on, -ion, -oon -ine,,-in -ure -ice, -ise, -esse -ity, -ty -acy -ain, -aign -ade, -ad y, Frenchie, Latin -ia:-alchemy, barony, clergy, company, courtesy, envy envie (invidia), felony, glory, jealousy, monarchy, policy, philosophy, story, vilany. This is a very pervading form, which often adds a finishing tip to other Romanesque formatives, both of French and Latin complexion: as in -ery, -acy, -ency. 331, 350, 356. It is also an absorbing form, drawing into itself other forms besides the above: thus jury jurée, and -ity, 349, -osity, 357. Many names of countries belong here: Brittany, Burgundy, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lombardy, Normandy, Picardy, Saxony, Tartary, Turkey. Others of the same type, but later known to us, keep the Latin form as, Albania, Armenia, Bavaria, Bulgaria, Dalmatia, Mesopotamia, Prussia, Roumania, Russia, Scandinavia, Slavonia, Wallachia. One country at least takes both forms: we have Araby in poetry and Arabia in prose. This termination was disyllabic, not only in Latin, and in French (where it still is so obscurely), but also in early English. The French accent being on the i, as compagnie, it was easy for the -e to evaporate, leaving only the simple sound represented by -y. None perhaps are more distinctly French in look than those in -le, after French -le, -aille ;-Latin -ela, -alia, -ulus, -ula, -ulum. Examples-angle, battle, bible, candle (candela), cattle, couple (copula), fable (fabula), marble, miracle, people peuple, stable, table, uncle oncle (avunculus). Almost blending with these, but still distinguishable, are those in -el an old diminutive, Latin -ellus, Italian -ello, Old |