'I inflame,' mando, 'I chew,' offendo, 'I stumble against,' prehendo, 'I seize,' verto, 'I turn,' which have for their perfects the simple forms accendi, mandi, offendi, prehendi, verti. (e) Ědo, 'I eat,' fõdio, 'I dig,' and fundo, 'I pour out,' have ēdi, fōdi, fudi: and cudo, 'I forge,' sido, 'I sit down,' strido, 'I hiss,' have cudi, sīdi, strīdi. (f) Fido, I trust,' has no active perfect, but uses the passive fisus sum. (g) The only dental verbs which take the composite perfect form -fui are frendo, 'I gnash with the teeth,' sterto, 'I snore,' which make frendui and stertui; and meto, 'I reap,' peto, 'I seek,' rudo, 'I bray,' which have the elongated forms messui, petīvi, rudivi. Obs. The later writers have the forms rugio and rugītus, as well as ruditus, which seem to be suggested by the pronunciation of an original rudio pronounced rudjo. An approximation to this change is first seen in Persius, III. 9, who makes the first syllable of rudere long, as though he had written rudjere, whereas Virgil (Georg. III. 374; Æn. vII. 16) and Ovid (4. A. III. 290) make the first syllable short. (2) Supine and passive participle. The t of the affix is generally changed into s; thus from ludo we have lusum; and if c precedes the characteristic, it becomes x; thus from flecto we have flexum. The following have a double s in the supine: cedo, cessum; findo, fissum; fodio, fossum; meto, messum; mitto, missum; quatio, quassum; scindo, scissum; sido, sessum; to which may be added the deponents gradior, 'I go,' gressum, and patior, 'I suffer,' passum. But tendo has tentus as well as tensus, comedo has comestus as well as comēsus, and peto and rudo have the elongated forms petītus, ruditus. 89 L Verbs. B. Liquid Verbs. (1) Perfect. (a) The usual form is -ui, as alo, 'I rear,' alui. Some merely add i, as vello, I pull,' velli; but the compounds of this verb retain the -si, as convello, convulsi. (b) Some few take the proper or reduplicated perfect, as fallo, 'I deceive,' fefelli; pello, 'I drive,' pepuli; and tollo, 'I take up,' omits the reduplication in its perfect tuli for tetuli. (2) Supines. The usual form is -t appended to the l; as alo, altum; colo, cultum. The former verb has also alitum, and this is the case with molo, 'I grind,' molitum. Verbs with a double l generally change t into s, as fallo, falsum; pello, pulsum; percello, perculsus; but excello, excelsus. Tollo has the peculiar form latus for tlatus or toltus. 90 M Verbs. (1) Perfect. (a) Generally the perfect is formed in -ui; as tremo, 'I tremble,' tremui. (b) But emo, 'I take up,' thence I buy,' with its compounds adimo, 'I take away,' coemo, 'I buy up,' interimo, 'I take out of the way, i. e. destroy,' form the perfect by a lengthening of the root-vowel; thus: ēmi, adēmi, coēmi, interēmi: and when the preposition in the compound coalesces with the first syllable of emo, the perfect is formed in -si, the liquid m being followed by the corresponding mute p; thus we have como coěmo, 'I take and put together' (the hair), compsi; dēmo=de-emo, 'I take away from,' dempsi; promo=pro-emo, 'I take out' (from a store), prompsi; sumo sub-emo, 'I take up' (for use), sumpsi. = = (c) Premo, I press,' makes pressi, the liquid m being assimilated. (2) Supines and passive participles. Perfects in -ui have a supine in -itum; as gemo, gemui, gemitum. All others have the supine in -ptum; as emo, emptum; except premo, pressi, which makes pressum. 91 N Verbs. There are only two n verbs: the reduplicated gigno, ‘I beget,' 'bring into being,' 'cause to be,' which makes genui, genitum ; and cano, 'I sing,' which makes cecini, cantum. Obs. Three of the compounds of cano, namely, concino, occino (or occano) and praecino, take the composite perfect in ui, as occinui; others, as accino, have no perfect. 92 R Verbs. Curro, I run,' makes cucurri, cursum; gero, 'I carry,' and uro, 'I burn,' make gessi, gestum and ussi, ustum. Sero, 'I place in rows,' makes serui, sertum; and verro, 'I sweep,' makes verri, versum. The deponent queror, 'I complain,' makes questus. 93 S Verbs. Depso, I knead,' makes depsui, depstum; texo, 'I weave,' texui, textum, and so all the others except viso, I visit,' which makes visi. 94 I Verbs. C. Semi-consonantal Verbs. Many of these have been already mentioned under the characteristic which precedes the i. They are such as allicio, 'I entice' (and other compounds of lacio), allexi, allectum; capio, 'I take,' cepi, captum; cupio, 'I desire,' cupīvi, cupītum; facio, 'I make,' feci, factum; fodio, 'I dig,' fōdi, fossum; fugio, ‘I flee,' fūgi, fugitum; gradior, 'I go,' gressus; jacio, 'I throw,' jēci, jactum ; morior, I am dying,' mortuus; pario, 'I bring forth,' pěpĕri, partum; patior, 'I suffer,' passus; quatio, 'I shake,' quassus; rapio, 'I snatch,' rapui, raptum; sapio, 'I have a taste,' hence 'I have sense, I am wise,' sapui (no supine); specio, 'I see' (obsol.), spexi, spectum (hence aspicio, conspicio, &c.) 95 U Verbs. Many of these verbs belong to the guttural class, and have been discussed in their proper place. Others, as juvo, caveo, have a or e after their characteristic v, and therefore belong to the vowelverbs. Ruo, 'I overthrow,' makes rui, ruitum or rutum; minuo, I break into small pieces,' makes minui, minutum. Compounds of nuo, 'I nod,' as abnuo, 'I refuse,' i. e. 'express dissent by nodding,' make abnui, abnuitum, &c. Arguo, I put to the test,' makes argui, argūtum. |