e. g. excitus is 'called forth,' but excitus, 'aroused:' we have only accitus, summoned forth,' from accio. Verbs without any Supine, besides those which have no Perfect. ferio and ferocio. frendo - fressum Fourth Conjugation. fugio - fugitum pando-passum (rarely pansum) parco - parsum vello vulsum credo creditum Verbs without any Supine. (a) Verbs of the Third Conjugation, which have i before the ending. (b) Verbs of the First Conjunction which have e or i before 96 Irregularities, in the inflexion of verbs through their moods and tenses, arise either from the use of some strengthening affix in the present tense, which is neglected in the perfect, or from the practice of making up the tenses by forms derived from different, but synonymous roots, or from some syncope or abbreviation in the inflexions themselves. A. Additions to the Present Tense. 97 (a) N added. Those in which an euphonic n (or m before a labial) is inserted before the characteristic of the verb, often retain this letter in the perfect; as in jungo, root jug-, junxi; fungor, root fug-, functus sum. Others omit it, as rumpo, rupi. These verbs have been discussed under their proper characteristics. When the inserted n is added to the root, it is always omitted in the perfect and supine; thus we have cerno, 'I separate,' crēvi, certum; sperno, 'I despise,' sprēvi, sprētum; sterno, 'I strew,' strāvi, strātum; in which verbs there is a change in the place of the vowel. Similarly, we have contem-no, 'I despise,' contemp-si, contemp-tum; li-no, 'I besmear,' li-vi, li-tum; sino, 'I let, suffer, or cause to be,' sīvi, sītum. The last verb is used, without the inserted n, as the affix to a class of compound verbs signifying 'to cause or allow an action.' These are known from other verbs in -so by their meaning and by the perfect -sivi. accerso for accedere sino, 'I send for,' i. e. arcessīvi, arcessitum; capesso for capere sino, i. e. 'I undertake,' capessīvi, capessitum; lacesso for lacere sino, 'I let myself pull about,' 'I provoke or irritate,' lacessivi, lacessītum; pōno for po-sino, 'I let down,' 'I place,' posui for po-sīvi (Plaut. Trin. 1. 2. 108), positum and postum; quaero (from quaeso, which occurs in the sense of 'prithee') for quere (see in-quam) sino, 'I cause to speak,' i. e. 'I ask,' quaesivi, quaesitum. They are arcesso or 'cause to approach,' 'I let myself take,' (b) R added. The only verb of this class is se-ro, 'I sow,' sēvi, sătum. (c) Sc added. This affix is inchoative, i. e. it expresses the beginning of an action, and therefore is necessarily omitted in the perfect, which declares the completion or perfection of an action. If the termination follows a, e, i, the perfect is formed according to the rule of the vowel-verbs: thus pasco, 'I feed,' makes pā-vi (though its compounds compesco, 'I feed together,' 'keep in the same field,' 'restrain,' dispesco, 'I separate,' make compescui, dispescui); cre-sco, 'I grow,' makes crē-vi; sue-sco, 'I am accustomed,' sue-vi; contice-sco, 'I become silent,' contic-ui; exarde-sco, 'I grow hot,' exar-si; sci-sco, 'I inquire,' sci-vi, like corresponding verbs in a, e, i. But di-sco for dic-sco, 'I learn,' makes didici. The only verb which has o before sc is no-sco, I get knowledge,' and its derivatives agno-sco, 'I acknowledge,' cognosco, 'I become acquainted,' dignosco, 'I distinguish,' ignosco, 'I pardon,' i. e. ‘take no knowledge of;' and these make nōvi, ‘I am acquainted with' (always used as a present), agnovi, cognovi, &c., in which ov may be syncopated, as in nôrunt, nôrim, nôsse, &c.; compare commôssem for commovissem, &c. (79, (i)). In the supine we have nōtum, dignōtum, ignōtum, but agnitum, cognitum. If the original verb has a consonant for its characteristic, i is inserted before sc; thus from vivo we have revivisco, 'I revive,' revixi; and from facio we have profici-scor, I cause myself to set forth,' 'I set out,' profectus sum. The peculiar verb ob-liv-i-scor (from liv-o, 'to blacken,' whence livor, liveo, livesco), 'I make for myself a black mark,' 'I obliterate,' 'I forget,' has the perfect oblitus sum. The following lists contain most of the inchoative verbs in common use: (1) Verbal inchoatives which adopt the perfect of the original verb. Acesco (aceo) acui, grow sour; coacesco, peracesco. Calesco (caleo) calui, become warm. Canesco (caneo) canui, become grey. Conticesco (taceo) conticui, become silent, hold one's peace. Contremisco (tremo) contremui, tremble. Defervesco (ferveo) deferbui, grow cool gradually. Delitesco (lateo) delitui, lurk. Effervesco (ferveo) efferbui, grow hot. Excandesco (candeo) excandui, grow of a white heat; figuratively, am enraged. Extimesco, pertimesco (timeo) extimui, am terrified. Fatisco (fateor) perf. pass. part. fessus, give in, begin to confess, yield, and, physically, open or gape. Floresco, de-, ef- (floreo) florui, burst into flower. Haeresco, ad-, in- (haereo), ad-, in-, haesi, stick to. Horresco, exhorresco, perhorresco (horreo) horrui, am struck with horror. Ingemisco (gemo) ingemui, groan. Intumesco (tumeo) intumui, swell up. Irraucesco (raucio) irrausi, become hoarse. Lactesco (lacteo, no perfect), turn to milk, begin to give suck. Languesco, elanguesco, relanguesco (langueo) elangui, become feeble. Liquesco (liqueo) licui, melt away. |