Obs. Except the compounds with caput, as bi-ceps, bi-cipitis; with corpus, as bi-corpor, bi-corporis; and with cor, as con-cors, con-cordis ; which retain the inflexions of their primitives.

(B) The first part of a compound adjective, whose last part is derived from a substantive, is either

(aa) Another substantive, as in aeri-pes, angui-manus.

(bb) An adjective or numeral, as in bi-linguis, long-aevus, lati-fundium.

(cc) A preposition or other particle, as in a-mens, per-vius, in-ers. (b) The last part is a verb.

(a) If the last part is a verb, the compound adjective generally ends in -us, -a, -um appended to the verb-root, as luci-fugus, fatiloquus, monti-vagus. But compounds with gero and fero generally end in -ger and -fer, those from capio end in -ceps, and those from frango and dico shorten the ending into frăgus, -dicus; thus we have igni-fer, flammi-ger, parti-ceps, nau-frăgus, veri-dicus.

(B) The first part of a compound adjective, whose last part is derived from a verb, is either

(aa) A substantive, which is generally an accusative, more rarely an ablative dependent on the verb, as caduci-fer (caduceum ferens), igni-vomus (ignem vomens), monti-vagus (in monte vagans), nocti-vagus (nocte vagans), &c.

(bb) An adjective, either substantively, as the object of the verb, or adverbially, as a secondary predicate; thus we have falsi-dicus (falsa dicens), multi-loquus (multa or multum loquens), alti-sonus (alte sonans), soli-vagus (solus vagans), bene-ficus (bene faciens), &c.

(c) The last part is an adjective.

If the last part of the compound adjective is itself an adjective, the first part is either a preposition or an inseparable particle; thus we have per-difficilis, prae-dives, sub-agrestis, sub-pallidus, immemor, im-pudens, in-imicus, &c.

(C) Compound Verbs.

A compound verb is either (a) a primary compound or (B) a derivative compound.

(a) A primary compound retains, with occasional abbreviations, the conjugation of the original verb which stands at the end; it is

(aa) The original verb with a prepositional prefix, as damno, con-demno; moneo, ad-moneo; salio, de-silio; scribo, de-scribo, &c.

(bb) The original verb with an adverb prefixed, as volo, magis-volo malo, non-volo = nolo; lego, nec-ligo; satis-do, sat-ago, &c.

=

(cc) The original verb, with another verb prefixed; as assuefacio, pate-facio, condoce-facio, perterre-facio, arces-so (for arcessino), venum-do, &c.

(B) A derived compound verb is of the first or fourth conjugation; it is formed from a compound noun, and changes the conjugation of the verb which stands at the end, if the compound noun ended in a verb-root, unless the original verb was also of the first conjugation; thus we have per-nocto (-are) from pernox, tergi-versor (-āri) from tergum vertens, im-pedio (-ire) from in pede, ir-retio (-ire) from in reti, il-laqueo (-āre) from in laqueum, e-rudio (-ire) from e rudibus, 'out of foils;' aedi-fico (-āre) from aedem faciens, multi-plico (-are) from multi-plex, ampli-fico (-are) from amplum facio, mori-geror (-āri) from morem gerere, &c.

Obs. Verbs, which have reduplicated perfects, generally lose the reduplication when they are compounded with a preposition. Thus from tondeo, totondi we have detondeo, detondi. But compounds with do, sto, disco, posco, and most of those with curro, retain their reduplication; thus we have circumdedi, adstiti, edidici, repoposci, excucurri. But in circumcurro, recurro, succurro, transcurro we have no reduplication of the perfect.

120 Compounds are called (a) determinative when the first part of the word defines the second; as interrex, cognomen, beneficus, latifundium, laticlāvus, &c.; (b) syntactical, when the first word is governed by the second; as agricola, opulentus, signifer,

aequiparo, breviloquens, &c.; (c) auxiliary, when two verbs come together, and the second helps the former; as ama-vi for ama-fui, ven-do for venum do, arcesso for ac-cedere sino; (d) possessive, when the first part denotes the manner of the thing possessed; as crassipes, 'thick-footed,' alipes, 'wing-footed,' and the negatives expers, 'without a share in,' inermus, 'without arms,' &c. Those compounds which consist of more than two constituent parts are called decomposita; as su-ove-taur-ilia, in-de-fessus, &c.; and those which are made up of words from different languages are termed hibridae; as epiredium or epirrhedium, from èrí and rheda, dextrocherium from dexter and xeíp, monoculus from μóvos and oculus.

PART II.

SYNTAX, OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

CHAPTER I.

FIRST PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL RULES.

§ 1. Subject and Predicate.

121 (1) Syntax or construction (i. e. arrangement' or 'putting together in order') gives the rules of speech or speaking.

(2) Speech or speaking consists of sentences or thoughts expressed in words.

(3) A sentence or expression of thought (propositum effatum) is called a Proposition or Enunciation, and consists of, or may be resolved into, three parts-the Subject, the Copula, and the Predicate.

(4) The Subject is some noun substantive, pronoun, or other designation of a person or thing, about which we say, predicate, or tell something; the Copula is some finite mood and tense of the verb 'to be,' or some other verb not involving a distinct predicate; and the Predicate is some adjective or other general term, which is predicated or asserted of the subject: thus, in the sentence, Deus est bonus, 'God is good,' Deus is the subject, est the copula, and bonus the predicate.

(5) The Predicate and Copula are very often included in some form of a finite verb, thus equus currit, 'the horse runs,' is equivalent to equus est currens, 'the horse is running.'

(6) The whole sentence may be contained in a finite verbal form. This is especially the case when the nominative is one of the personal pronouns; indeed, these are never expressed unless some emphasis is intended; as in the lines of Terence (Adelph. III. iv. 10 sqq.):

'In te spes omnis, Hegio, nobis sita est:

Te solum habemus; tu es patronus, tu pater;

Si deseris tu, periimus.'

But Cæsar, writing to the senate, after his victory over Pharnaces, says, Veni, vidi, vici, where three complete sentences, 'I came, I saw, I conquered,' are included in three words: because every one knew who was the agent.

(7) The nominative is also very frequently omitted when the verb shows what it must be: thus we say pluit, 'it rains,' i. e. caelum; advesperascit, 'it grows towards evening,' sc. dies: sometimes with a pronoun; as luciscit hoc jam, 'this is growing light,' sc. caelum (Plautus, Amphitr. 1. iii. 45).

(8) Impersonal verbs supply their nominative from the particular word, phrase, or sentence which depends upon them; as pudet me errare, 'to err shames me,' the fact of erring causes shame unto me,' i. e. 'I am ashamed to err;' pudet me facti, 'that which belongs to the action causes me shame,' i. e. 'I am ashamed of the action;' curritur a me, it is run by me,' 'there is running caused by me,' i. e. 'I run.'

§ 2. Different kinds of Predicates.

122 There are three different kinds of Predicates:

(A) Primary, when there is nothing between the subject and predicate except the copula, either expressed or implied; as in the instances given above.

(B) Secondary, when the predicate is connected with the subject through a verb, which already contains a primary predicate; as pii orant taciti, 'the pious pray in silence;' which is equivalent to pii sunt orantes et sunt taciti, the pious are (1) praying and they are (2) silent,' or 'the pious are silent when they pray.'