Cui benedixit unquam bono? 'what good man did he ever speak well of?'

Utrique mortem est minitatus, 'he threatened death to both.' Inscitiae meae et stultitiae ignoscas, may you pardon my ignorance and folly.'

Irasci amicis non temere soleo, 'I am not wont to be angry with my friends inconsiderately.'

Invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus, men envy most frequently their equals or inferiors.'

Afflictae et perditae reipublicae medeor, 'I apply remedies to the dejected and ruined state.'

Parcere subjectis et debellare superbos, 'to spare those who yield, and to fight it out with the proud.'

Non licet sui commodi causa nocere alteri, 'it is not allowed to do harm to another for the sake of one's own advantage.'

Videor prudentiae tuae diffidere, 'I seem to distrust your prudence.'

Obsequor voluntati tuae, 'I comply with your wishes.'

Sero sentiunt frustra se aut pecuniae studuisse aut imperiis aut gloriae, 'they perceive too late that they have vainly devoted themselves to money, or power, or glory.'

Obs. 1 Although we may say invidere bonis, invidere laudibus, it is also good Latin to say invidere alicui aliquid or aliqua re. Persuadeo, 'I induce,' takes the dative of the person, and expresses the advice which is successfully recommended by ut or ne with the subjunctive, or by the accusative of an adjective or pronoun, or by the accusative with the infinitive; as Themistocles persuasit populo ut classis centum navium aedificaretur. Hoc quum mihi non solum confirmasset sed etiam persua sisset. Sic te tibi persuadere velim, mihi neminem esse cariorem te. For 'I am persuaded,' we must not say persuadeor or persuasus sum, but hoc mihi persuadetur, or persuasum mihi est, or persuasissimum mihi est, or mihi persuasum habeo (which occurs, however, only in Cæs. B. G. III. 2) esse aliquid, de aliqua re. Suadeo, which signifies 'to advise,' as distinguished from persuadeo, which means 'to advise successfully' (cf. Cic. Phil. II. 11: An C. Trebonio persuasi? cui ne suadere quidem ausus essem), is usually construed with a dative of the person, and an accusative of the thing.

Obs. 2 We must carefully distinguish between vaco aliqua re, ‘I am without, am devoid of something,' and vaco alicui rei, 'I have leisure to engage in something, I spend my time about it, I am earnestly occupied with it,' as in itinere huic uni vacabat, 'on the journey he paid exclusive attention to this.'

(B) Dative of Destination.

160 A dative of the destination, object, or purpose, is used with the verbs sum and fio signifying 'to prove,' 'tend,' or 'turn out;' with do, duco, tribuo, verto, signifying 'to esteem, or attribute;' with habeo, signifying 'to treat;' and with those which denote giving, taking, coming or sending. And these verbs have frequently a dative of limitation also; thus,

Exitio est avidis mare nautis, 'the sea is for a destruction to greedy sailors,' (i. e. is destined to destroy them, their destruction is its destination).

Ampla domus saepe fit domino dedecori, a large house often. proves a disgrace to its owner, (is destined to disgrace him).'

Ne sibi vitio verterent quod abesset a patria, 'not to impute it to him as (for) a fault that he was absent from his country.'

Quando tu me bene merentem tibi habes despicatui, 'since you treat me, who have been so kind to you, with contempt.'

Virtus sola nec dono datur neque accipitur, 'virtue alone is neither given nor received as (for) a present.'

Pausanias venit Atticis auxilio, Pausanias came to the Athenians as (for) an aid,' i. e. 'with the view of aiding them.'

Obs. 1 The dative of destination is generally expressed by certain words which are specially used in this way; thus we say haec res tibi erit (fiet) decori, dedecori, detrimento, impedimento, laudi, lucro, odio, oneri, pignori, praesidio, probro, quaestui, usui, and the like. Other phrases to be noticed are such as est mihi cordi, 'I am anxious about it;' erit mihi curae, 'I will take care of it;' cui bono fuerit, 'whose interest it would serve' (to whom it would be for good); dono dari, muneri mittere, pignori relinquere, dare crimini or vitio, ducere laudi, tribuere ignaviae, vertere crimini or vitio; habere aliquem derisui, despicatui; habere aliquid relligioni; habere aliquid quaestui. Some of these are found in the examples given above.

Obs. 2 The dative of destination is used regularly with the name of certain functionaries to indicate the purpose of their office or employment, as decemviri legibus scribendis; triumvir aere (aeri) flando, feriundo; triumvir reipublicae constituendae.

(C) Dative instead of a prepositional phrase.

161 The Latin dative is sometimes used improperly, that is, in a sense inconsistent with its primary meaning and general usage, and when we should expect a (ab) or cum with the ablative, or ad or in with the accusative. These exceptional usages, which

are found generally in the poets, must have sprung from an absolute or adverbial use of the case, like some similar application of the Greek dative (Greek Grammar, pp. 488, 492).

(a) The dative is used after passive verbs to denote the agent, instead of the ablative with a (ab); as

Carmina quae scribuntur aquae potoribus, 'poems which are written by the drinkers of water.'

Barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intelligor ulli, 'I am a barbarian here, for I am not understood by any one.'

When this idiom occurs in prose we can generally see traces of the original force of the dative; thus we must not explain haec res mihi probatur by haec res a me probatur, because we can say in the active probare alicui rem, 'to recommend or make good a thing to somebody;' so, dissimillimis bestiis communiter cibus quaeritur presumes not so much the agency as the interest of the agent; and res mihi tota provisa est means that the business is regarded as completed to or for the agent. The dative of the agent with gerunds and gerundives is simply a dative of limitation depending on the substantive verb, and whether we say scribendum est mihi or mihi Chremes exorandus est, we must render it by, 'it-is-for-me to write' (i. e. writing is for me), and ‘it-is-for-me to entreat Chremes' (i. e. the entreating of Chremes is for me). (See below, 185.)

(b) The poets sometimes use the dative instead of the ablative of separation; as

Eripe te morae, 'tear yourself from delay,' i. e. when there are inducements to tarry, as at Tusculum, lay them aside, tear yourself from them.'

Similarly we may say distare, dissentire alicui, to be distant or dissent from somebody,' for ab aliquo.

(c) The dative is used instead of the ablative with cum in some few cases and by the poets; for instance we have pugnare alicui for pugnare cum aliquo; as

Placitone etiam pugnabis amori? 'will you even struggle with the love of which you now approve?'

Similarly misceo takes a dative instead of the ablative with

cum; as

Vulnera supplevit lacrimis, fletumque cruori miscuit, 'she filled up the wounds with tears and mixed weeping with the gore.'

The use of confero, contendo, comparo with the dative, though explicable from the preposition in composition (above 159, (f)), approximates to this poetical idiom.

(d) The dative is used by the poets instead of the accusative with ad or in to denote the direction of motion; as

It clamor caelo, 'the shouting rises to the sky,' i. e. ad caelum; spolia conjiciunt igni, 'they throw the spoils on the fire,' i. e. in ignem.

So also when in with the accusative denotes the end; as

Bello animos accendit agrestes, she inflamed to war the rustic minds,' i. e. in bellum, as another poet says, in proelia mentes accendis.

§5. The Ablative.

162 If we except the use of the ablative in predications of space or time (below, 168), and its idiomatic use with certain prepositions (below, 169), we may divide the applications of this case, as it appears in Latin (B), into three main subdivisions; it is

(A) The ablative of immediate determination, or the case which determines the instrument, the cause, the manner, or condition of an action;

(B) The ablative of circumstance, or the case which defines the contemporary or antecedent circumstances of an action;

(C) The ablative of the object, or the case which expresses that which the action requires for its completion. The Latin ablative may therefore be rendered by the English prepositions 'by,' 'with,' 'in,' 'from,' 'at,' in different applications, regulated by the verb on which it depends.

(A) Ablative of Immediate Determination.

163 (a) The ablative determines the instrument or means with or by which an act is effected; as,

Hi jaculis, illi certant defendere saxis, 'these endeavour to defend themselves with darts, the others with stones.'

Medici graviores morbos asperis remediis curant, 'physicians cure more urgent diseases with (by means of) severe remedies.'

Obs. 1 If a man is represented as the instrument we cannot use the ablative, but must employ the accusative with per; as bellum per legatos gessit, 'he carried on the war by means of his lieutenants,' not legatis.

Obs. 2 If an accompaniment rather than an instrument is implied we must use cum with the ablative, as Cimonem semper pedisequi cum numis secuti sunt, servants with money (i. e. carrying it) always followed Cimon;' magna cum cura atque diligentia scripsit, he wrote with (i. e. calling in and employing) great care and diligence;' for the instruments and means were his pen and paper.

(b) The ablative determines the cause by or through which an act is done; as

Metu supplicii aut mortis multi vim tormentorum pertulerunt, 'many have endured the force of tortures through fear of punishment or death.'

Servius Tullius regnare coepit non jussu, sed voluntate atque concessu civium, 'Servius Tullius began to reign, not by (in consequence of) the orders, but by the will and permission of the

citizens.'

Obs. 1 To this use belong the ablatives causa, gratia, ergo, quo consilio, qua mente, &c. A participle is often used with the ablative amore, caritate, ira, libidine, odio, spe, studio, &c., denoting affections of the mind, when the mere ablative is not sufficiently definite; as ductus amore, incensus ira, inflammatus odio, impulsus spe et cupiditate, coactus metu, captus misericordia.

Obs. 2 We must here repeat the general rule that a (ab) must be used with the ablative when we express not the cause but the agent (128, vi. (d)); as Pompeius a Caesare victus est, 'Pompey was conquered by Caesar.'

Obs. 3 The ablative of the cause appears as an ablative of origin after the participles cretus, creatus, editus, genitus, natus, ortus, satus, prosătus; as P. Africanus fidem fecit non sanguine humano sed stirpe divina satum se esse. But the prepositions a (ab) and de may stand with these participles; as satos Curetas ab imbri, or Ilia cum Lauso de Numitore sati. To this class belong the expressions natus loco nobili, ignobili, humili, obscuro, unless they represent the locative use of the ablative.

(c) The ablative determines the manner in which an act is done, and this is the regular construction of the substantives, which in themselves denote the way or manner (as modo, more, ritu, ratione, consuetudine); the accompanying circumstance is stated in the genitive of possession, or by means of an adjective; as