6

(by the standard of common opinion) multa aestimat. Cic. Sext. Rosc. 10. Ridicule etiam illud P. Nasica censori Porcio Catoni, quum ille, Ex tui animi sententia tu uxorem habes?' 'Non hercle,' inquit, ex mei animi sententia.' Cic. de Orat. II. 64, § 260. In this last passage the joke consists in the two idiomatic applications of ex animi sententia, according to the intention of my mind.' The censor asked Nasica: 'tell me on your solemn declaration'-dic vere et fide—' whether you are married or not?' (cf. de Off. III. 29: quod ex animi tui sententia juraris). The answer means: My wife is not according to the wish of my heart.' The preposition ex is used in a number of adverbial phrases; as ex adverso, 'opposite,' e regione, 'over against,' ex animo, ' sincerely,' ex improviso, suddenly,' ex tempore, 'on the spur of the moment,' ex usu, 'profitably,' e re mea, 'for my interest,' ex toto,' entirely,' e vestigio, on the spot,' e re nata (also pro re nata), ' according to the circumstances,' ex parte, in part,' heres ex asse, 'heir to the whole property,' ex occulto, 'secretly,' ex insidiis, 'by stratagem,' ex insperato, 'unexpectedly,' ex integro, ' afresh,' ex aequo, on an equal footing,' ex contrario, 'on the contrary,' ex equo, 'on horseback,' &c.

PRE signifies (1) 'before' of place or position; as Villa a tergo potius quam prae se flumen habeat (let the villa have a river rather behind than in front of it). Columella, I. 5, 4. Hercules prae se armentum agens (driving the herd before him) nando trajecit. Liv. I. 7. Hence the phrase prae se ferre or gerere, 'to carry before oneself,' i. e. to display, or exhibit;' as Fiduciam orator prae se ferat (let the orator display confidence). Quint. I. O. v. 13, § 51. Prae se quandam gerit utilitatem (displays, has the appearance of, a sort of usefulness). Cic. Invent. II. 52.

(2) 'for,' 'on account of,' with reference to some obstacle which stands in the way; as Solem prae jaculorum multitudine (owing to the number of missiles) non videbitis. Cic. Tusc. 1. 42. Sed finis sit; neque enim prae lacrimis (for tears-owing to my tears) jam loqui possum. Cic. Mil. 38. Similarly: Prae moerore. Cic. Planc. 41, 99. Prae fletu et dolore. Cic. Att. XI. 7. Prae gaudio. Ter. Heaut. II. 3. 67. Prae amore. Ter. Eun. I. 2. 18. Prae tremore. Plaut. Rud. II. 6. 41.

(3) in comparison with,' of an object held forth by way of contrast; as Gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum (in compa

rison with the size

of their bodies) brevitas nostra contemptui est. Cæs. B. G. 11. 30. Romam prae sua Capua (in comparison with their own Capua) irridebunt atque contemnent. Cic. Agrar. 11. 35.

PRO signifies (1) 'before,' of place; as Pro muro (before the wall) dies noctesque agitare. Sallust, Jug. 94. Caesar legiones pro castris (before the camp) constituit. Cæs. B. G. VII. 70. Augustus bifariam laudatus est, pro aede divi Juliï (in front of the temple of the deified Julius) a Tiberio, et pro veteribus rostris (in front of the old tribunal) a Druso, Tiberii filio. Suet. Aug. 100. Dictator miris pro concione (before the assembly, i. e. in a public speech) Manlii Torquati pugnam laudibus tulit. Liv. VII. 10.

(2) 'for,' 'on behalf of, in favour or defence of;' as Convenit dimicare pro legibus, pro libertate, pro patria (to fight for the laws, for liberty, for our country). Cic. Tusc. IV. 19.

(3) 'instead of,' as a return or equivalent for; as Italico bello Sicilia Romanis non pro penaria cella, sed pro aerario fuit. (not in the place of a granary, but a treasury). Cic. Verr. II. 2. Tu ausus es pro nihilo prae tua praeda (in the light of nothing as compared with your plunder) tot res sanctissimas ducere? Cic. Verr. II. 16. Minas pro ambobus (in exchange for, as the price of both) viginti dedi. Ter. Eun. 1. 2. 85. Ego te pro istis dictis et factis ulciscar (I will requite you for those words and deeds). Ibid.

v. 4. 19.

(4) 'in proportion to,' according to;' as Permissum uti pro tempore atque periculo (in proportion to the exigency and danger) exercitum compararent. Sall. Cat. 29. Haec pro tuo ingenio (as far as your abilities allow) considera. Cic. ad div. XVI. 1. pro re nata (according to circumstances). Cic. Att. VII. 8.

a

Hence

SINE signifies without,' as the opposite of cum; as Homo sine re, sine fide, sine spe, sine sede, sine fortunis (without money, credit, hope, a fixed abode, or property). Cic. Cael. 32. Nulla dies sine linea ('no day without a stroke of the brush,' proverb from the industry of Apelles). Plin. N. H. xxxv. 10. 84. Sine periculo (without incurring a risk). Ter. Heaut. II. 3. 73. Sine fraude (without hurt or harm). Liv. 1. 24. Horat. 2 Carm. XIX. 20. Sine dolo malo (without any evil design). Liv. XXXVIII. 11.

D. L. G.

22

(C) Prepositions construed with the Accusative and Ablative.

IN corresponds in usage to the Greek prepositions eis and ev. When construed with the accusative it answers to eis governing the same case; when construed with the ablative it answers to ev governing the dative. It also performs some of the functions of ává, which is identical in origin with the other two.

(a) With the accusative, in signifies (1) 'into,' 'unto,' 'up to,' of motion or direction; as Proba vita via est in caelum et in coetum eorum, qui jam vixerunt (the road to heaven and to the company of those who have already lived in the same way). Cic. Somn. Scip. 3.

(2) into the middle of something;' as Codrus se in medios immisit hostes (into the midst of the enemy). Cic. Tusc. 1. 48. Homo optatum negotium sibi in sinum delatum esse dicebat (he said it had come into his bosom, under his complete control). Cic. Verr. 1. 50. Hence of a close fight: Pugna jam in manus (to a close grapple), jam ad gladios venerat. Liv. II. 46.

(3) 'to,' 'till,' or 'unto,' of time; as Studebat in coenae tempus (he studied till supper-time). Plin. Epist. III. 5.

(4) 'by,' of distributive time; as In dies (by days, i. e. every day). Cic. Phil. 1. 2. In horas (Horat. 2 Serm. VII. 10), or in singulas horas (every hour). Liv. II. 12.

(5) 'for,' of future time; as Ad coenam hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem (he invited the man to his country-house to dinner for the following day). Cic. de Off. III. 14.

(6) 'to,' of extent or magnitude; as Lautumiae Syracusanae sunt opus ingens, totum ex saxo in mirandam altitudinem (to a wonderful depth) presso. Cic. Verr. v. 27. In dimidiam partem (to the extent of one half) decoquenda. Colum. XII. 24. Nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos in tantum (to such an extent) tollet avos. Virg. Æn. VI. 875.

(7)' into,' of division; as Stoici diviserunt naturam hominis in animum et corpus (into soul and body). Cic. Fin. Iv. 7.

In meridiem spectet (let it
More commonly ad me-

(8) 'towards,' of a local aspect; as look to the south). Cato, R. R. 1. 1. ridiem, ad septemtriones. Cic. N. D. 11. 19.

(9) 'towards' or 'against,' of feelings, relations, or actions; as T. Manlius fuit perindulgens in patrem (towards his father), idem

acerbe severus in filium (against his son). Cic. de Off. III. 31. In consules designatos (against the consuls elect) legem senatus decrevit. Cic. Cluent. 49. Majores nostri de servis in dominos (against their masters) quaeri noluerunt. Cic. Part. 34.

(10) 'for,' of the object or motive; as Deletam urbem cernimus eorum quorum in gratiam (for whose gratification) Saguntum deleverat Hannibal. Liv. XXVIII. 39. Puerum conspexi olera et pisciculos ferre in coenam seni (for the old man's supper). Ter. Andr. II. 2, 31.

(11) 'after,' 'according to;' as Cur paucis centurionibus in modum servorum (after the manner of slaves) obedirent. Tac. Ann.

I. 17.

(12) 'over;' as In filium (over my son) quam habebam potestatem, ea usus sum. Cic. Invent. II. 17.

(b) With the ablative, In signifies (1) 'in,' 'within;' as Deus intelligentiam in animo (in the soul), animum conclusit in corpore. Cic. Univ. 3.

(2) 'in the midst of,' 'among;' as In Persis (among the Persians) augurantur et divinant Magi. Cic. Div. 1. 41. Dolor in maximis malis ducitur (is reckoned among the greatest evils). Cic. Leg. 1. 11.

(3) 'upon;' as Verres coronam habebat unam in capite (on his head), alteram in collo (on his neck). Cic. Verr. v. 11.

(4) 'at,'' upon,' of a time or occasion; as Q. Mucii janua in ejus infirmissima valetudine (at the time of his most infirm health) maxima quotidie frequentiâ civium celebratur. Cic. de Orat. 1. 45. Plerumque in summo periculo (in a case of great danger) timor misericordiam non recipit. Cæs. B. G. VII. 26.

(5) 'in,' 'during,' of time; as In hoc spatio (during this time) et in iis post aedilitatem annis (in those years after my ædileship) et praetor primus et incredibili voluntate sum factus. Cic. Brut. 93.

(6) 'in,' 'within,' of a period; as Credo potis esse te Massici montis uberrumos quattuor fructus ebibere in una hora (within the space of one hour). Plaut. Pseud. v. 2. 10. Crassum semel ait in vita (in the course of his life) risisse Lucilius. Cic. Fin. v. 30.

(7) on account of,' as the present cause of something; as In quo oratore (on account of what orator) homines exhorrescunt? quem

stupefacti dicentem intuentur? in quo exclamant? (who causes them to cry out?) Cic. de Orat. III. 14.

We have a number of adverbial phrases with in and the ablative; as in praesentia, 'at present,' in tempore, 'at the right time,' in loco, 'in the proper place,' in confesso est, 'it is admitted,' in difficili est, 'it is difficult,' in aere alieno est, he is in debt,' in libris est, 'he is at his books,' in culpa est, he is in fault,' in more est, 'it is customary,' in periculo, in ambiguo, in incerto est, ‘it is hazardous, doubtful, uncertain,' and the like.

SUB denotes 'motion under' with the accusative, and 'rest under' with the ablative.

(a) With the accusative sub signifies (1) 'motion under,' in space; as Milites Caesaris sub montem succedunt (go under the mountain). Cæsar, B. C. 1. 45. So also of objects which fall under the senses; as Res quaedam ita sunt parvae, ut sub sensum cadere non possint (that they cannot be brought within the reach of the senses). Cic. Acad. 1. 8. Similarly of that which is brought under any one's control: Miltiades insulas quae Cyclades nominantur sub Atheniensium redegit potestatem (reduced under the power of the Athenians). Corn. Nep. 1. 2.

(2) 'about,' of time; as Pompeius sub noctem (about nightfall) naves solvit. Cæs. B. C. 1. 28.

(3) 'immediately after,' of time; as Redditae sunt litterae tuae Cornuto, quum is recitasset litteras Lepidi. Sub eas (immediately after them) statim recitatae sunt tuae. Cic. ad div. x. 16.

(b) With the ablative sub signifies (1) 'under,' of rest under an object in space; as Caesar hostem sub muro (under the wall) sistere cogit. Cæs. B. C. 1. 45. So of objects which are under the senses; as Jam luciscebat omniaque sub oculis (visible to the eyes) erant. Liv. IV. 28. Similarly of that which is under one's control; as Antigenis sub imperio (under his command) erat phalanx Macedonum. Corn. Nep. XVIII. 7. Compare with these the three passages under (a).

(2) 'at,' of time; as Sub exitu anni (at the end of the year) comitia habita sunt. Liv. vI. 18.

SUBTER is used only in reference to space, and signifies

(a) With the accusative, 'beneath,' with a sense of motion; as Cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit (he placed passionate desire under the diaphragm). Cic. Tusc. I. 10.