Nocturna sacrificia ne sunto, 'let there be no sacrifices by night.'

(B) Subjunctive.

172 The tenses of the subjunctive are used as follows:

I. The present is a kind of future, for it denotes the probable occurrence of something after the time of speaking. Hence, while it is so nearly identical with the form which in most verbs is used for the future, the subjunctive has no simple future in the active, and no future at all in the passive voice. The learner must particularly observe that the possibility, expressed by the subjunctive in Latin, is always hypothetical, and that the direct statement of permission or power must always be made by licet or possum with the infinitive mood (see 177 (e), Obs. 2). Thus described the present subjunctive is (a) optative, (b) deliberative, (c) hortative, (d) potential, (e) conditional or (f) dependent, in each case with a presumption of possibility, as the following examples will show.

(a) Optative; with or without utinam, and in negative wishes with ne; as salvus sis, or utinam salvus sis, 'may you be well ’— which is not only desired but possible; ne sis patruus mihi, 'I wish you would not act as an uncle to me '-abstain from the harshness which you may avoid. (Optative without av in Greek.)

(b) Deliberative; as eloquar an sileam? 'shall I speak out or hold my tongue?' (Conjunctive in Greek.)

(c) Hortative; as imitemur majores nostros, 'let us imitate our ancestors.' (Conjunctive in Greek.)

(d) Potential; either in the apodosis or second clause of a conditional sentence (128, XVI. 3); as ego, si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem, mentiar, 'if I deny (i. e. shall deny) that I am affected by a longing for Scipio, I shall speak falsely,' where there is a mere assumption; similarly, tu si hic sis, aliter sentias, if you were,-which you are not but might be-in my situation, you would think otherwise:' or by itself without an expressed condition; as dicat aliquis, 'some one may here say.' Also in interrogatives; as quis dubitet? 'who would doubt?' (Greek Optative with av.)

(e) Conditional; either in the protasis or first clause of the conditional sentence; as in the examples just given: or followed

by a future indicative; as si quid habeat, dabit (128, xvI. 2); or by itself, as containing a supposition; thus, vendat aedes vir bonus propter aliqua vitia, suppose a good man sells a house on account of some fault,' and so on through the passage (Cic. de Officiis, III. 13); (Greek optative with ei and without av). The conditional may amount to an optative; as O mihi praeteritos referat si Jupiter annos, 'O if Jupiter would only give me back the years that are gone!' (Virg. Æn. VIII. 560). So also in Greek: Gr. Gr. Art. 516 b.)

(f) Dependent; with ut or ne or some relative word after the present, the true perfect, and future of the main clause; as scribo, scripsi, scribam, ut discas, 'I am writing, I have written, I shall write, to the end that you may learn;' danda opera est, ut ea res ne obsit reipublicae, care must be taken, to the end that the business in question may do no harm to the state.' (Greek conjunctive after ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς, and sometimes the future indicative with ὅπως.)

II. The imperfect indicates that the probable occurrence is past and must be foregone; it is:

(a) Optative, to imply that the wish cannot now be realized; as utinam salvus esses, 'I wish you were (what you are not) in good health;' illud utinam ne vere scriberem, 'I wish I was not writing that sentiment with truth.' If non is used for ne it must be closely connected with the predicative word. (Greek indicative with ei, ei yáp, elle: Gr. Gr. Art. 517.)

(b) Hortative, chiefly in oratione obliquâ; as imitarentur majores suos, 'let them, he said, imitate their ancestors.'

(c) Potential; either in the apodosis (128, xvi. 4, (a)); as si scirem, dicerem, 'if I knew (which is not the case), I would speak:' or by itself; as nollem factum, 'I would not like it done.' (Greek imperfect indicative with av.)

(d) Conditional, in the protasis of the last case, and sometimes followed by the imperfect indicative; as si non alium longe jactaret odorem, laurus erat, if it did not emit a widely different smell, it were a laurel.' (Greek imperfect indicative with e, and without åv.) O si, with the imperfect subjunctive, might express an impossible wish.

(e) Dependent, with ut or ne, or some relative word, after the imperfect, aorist perfect, and pluperfect of the main clause; as

scribebam, scripsi, scripseram, ut disceres, 'I was writing, I wrote, I had written to the end that you might learn.' (Greek optative after ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς.)

III. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes called the futurum exactum, and referred to the indicative; but all its functions are as a tense of the subjunctive mood. As the subjunctive itself is a kind of future, it is quite natural that the perfect subjunctive should be a sort of future perfect, and in fact it does correspond, in the protasis, to the Greek aorist conjunctive; as si quid feceris = èáv Tɩ ποιήσῃς, Toinσns, 'if you shall have done anything.' It is:

(a) Potential, either as the apodosis of a simple future, present, or perfect, or perfect subjunctive; or by itself; thus we have in an apodosis, quum tu haec leges, ego fortasse eum convenero, 'when you read these words, I shall perhaps have had a meeting with him;' si pergis, abiero, if you go on, I shall depart at once;' si plane occidimus, ego omnibus meis exitio fuero, ' if we have altogether fallen, I shall have been (i. e. I shall prove in the result) a destruction to all my friends;' qui Antonium oppresserit, is bellum confecerit, he who shall have overthrown Antony, will, by that very act, have put an end to the war.' By itself, ego de me videro, ‘I shall be found to have looked after myself;' tu invita mulieres; ego pueros, 'do you invite the ladies; I will, before that, send for the boys,' i. e. 'I shall have done it, ere you have finished your part of the business;' hoc sine ullâ dubitatione confirmaverim, 'I shall have said this without the least hesitation,' in reference to a statement which he is actually about to make. Also in interrogations; as quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes? 'who will, for a moment, tolerate the Gracchi complaining of sedition?'

accivero

(b) Conditional, either as the protasis, in the case just mentioned, and with a perfect or simple future in the apodosis, or by itself; thus we have, si quis bona carmina condiderit, si quis opprobriis dignum latraverit, solventur risu tabulae, tu missus abibis, 'if any one shall made good verses, if any one shall have inveighed against a man worthy of reproach, laughter will do away with the severity of the sentence, and you will get off with impunity;' dixerit Epicurus, 'suppose Epicurus shall have said.'

(c) Dependent, after past and future tenses; as Hortensius ardebat dicendi cupiditate sic, ut in nullo unquam flagrantius studium

viderim, 'Hortensius was inflamed with a desire for oratorical distinction to such an extent, that I have never seen greater eagerness in any one;' Epaminondas paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut de republicâ nihil praeter gloriam ceperit, 'Epaminondas bore poverty so easily, that he took nothing from the state except glory;' adnitar, ne frustra vos hanc spem de me conceperitis, 'I will do my best, to the end that you may not have conceived this hope about me in vain.'

(d) Prohibitive, when a single act is forbidden, just as the aorist of the conjunctive is used in Greek; ne dixeris, 'do not say at all;' tu ne quaesieris, 'have done with inquiring1.'

IV. The pluperfect subjunctive is:

(a) Optative, to imply that the wish could not have been realized; as utinam ne Phormioni id suadere in mentem incidisset, 'I wish it had never come into Phormio's head (as it did), to recommend that course;' hoc utinam tibi a principio placuisset, 'I wish you had liked this from the first.'

(b) Potential, in the apodosis to another pluperfect (128, xvI. 4, (b)); as si voluissem plura, non negasses, ' if I had wished for more (which I did not), you would not have refused;' but the protasis is sometimes not expressed; as summôsses omnes, 'you would have put aside all competitors'—if you had had my assistance.

(c) Conditional, in the protasis to the former case, and sometimes with the perfect or pluperfect of the indicative in the apodoșis; as Antoni gladios potuit contemnere, si sic omnia dixisset, ‘he had it in his power to despise (as an historical fact) the swords of Antony, if he had (which he had not) spoken every thing in this strain;' me truncus illapsus cerebro sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum dextrâ levâsset, ‘if Faunus had not parried the blow with his right hand, the trunk of a tree, having fallen on my head, had slain me on the spot.' We have even the imperfect indicative in the apodosis to the pluperfect subjunctive, as in Tac. Ann. XII. 39: nec ideo fugam sistebat, ni legiones proelium excepissent, nor did this stop the flight, had not the legions taken up the battle.' In most instances, however, this construction must be regarded as indirect,

1 See Gr. Gr. art. 427, (a,). Bishop Andrewes on Matt. iii. 7, 8: the word is not bring forth at this time, now; then it should be woteîre, in the present; but it is... Tonjate, in the aorist...It signifies rather have done bringing forth, than bring forth presently,' (Vol. I. p. 430).

and the true apodosis has to be supplied from the terms of the main clause (below, 203, (B)).

(d) Dependent, after an historical perfect; as Sol Phaethonti dixit se facturum esse, quicquid optasset, 'the Sun said to Phaethon that he would perform whatever wish he had conceived.'

V. The future subjunctive, which occurs only in the active, is found in dependent sentences after the present and perfect indicative or subjunctive, and the imperative; as quotusquisque tam patiens est, ut velit discere quod in usu non sit habiturus, 'how few there are so patient as to be willing to learn what they are not likely to want;' defectiones solis praedictae sunt quae, quantae, quando futurae sint, it has been predicted of what kind, to what extent, and when there will be eclipses of the sun;' quid sit futurum cras, fuge quaerere, 'avoid asking what is likely to take place to

morrow.'

§ 2. Distinctive uses of the Indicative and Subjunctive.

173 The great difficulty in Latin composition is the correct employment of the indicative and subjunctive moods, especially after relatives and relative particles. The simplest way of dealing with the subject is to consider as separate questions: (I) When must we use the indicative? (II) When must we use the subjunctive? (III) When may we use either mood, and with what difference of signification?

174 I. (a) We must use the indicative in all direct statements; as silvestrem tenui musam meditaris avena, 'you are practising woodland music on a slender reed.'

(b) We must use the indicative in all relative sentences, whenever the antecedent is definite, so that the clause describes or serves as an epithet; as de iis autem, quos ipsi vidimus, neminem fere praetermittimus eorum, quos aliquando dicentes vidimus, 'of those, however, whom we have seen ourselves, we pass over scarcely any one of them, whom we have at some time or other seen speaking.'

Obs. 1 It is to be observed that the antecedent may be definite, and the relative sentence descriptive, although all the particulars in the description may not be fixed; thus: quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes, 'whatever that particular, definite thing-the wooden horse-may be, I fear the Greeks even when they offer us gifts.'