Oratorias exercitationes non tu quidem reliquisti, sed certe philosophiam illis anteposuisti (Cic. de Fato, 2), 'you, it must be admitted, have not abandoned the practice of oratory, but you have certainly preferred philosophy to those exercises.' Domitius nulla ille quidem arte, sed Latine tamen et multa cum libertate dicebat (Cic. Brut. 77), 'Domitius, it must be owned, did not speak with much art, but still he spoke good Latin, and with much freedom.' Tuus dolor humanus is quidem, sed magnopere moderandus (Cic. Att. XII. 10), 'your grief, it must be confessed, is prompted by the feelings of humanity, but it is by all means to be moderated.' Libri scripti inconsiderate ab optimis quidem viris, sed non satis eruditis (Cic. Tusc. Disp. 1. 3), 'books written inconsiderately by men who were no doubt excellent in their moral character, but who were not sufficiently learned.' Ludo et joco uti illo quidem licet, sed tum quum gravibus seriisque rebus satisfecerimus (Cic. de Off. 1. 29), 'one may indeed indulge in sport and joke, but only when we have adequately dealt with affairs of weight and seriousness.' Cyri vitam et disciplinam legunt, praeclaram illam quidem, sed non tam aptam rebus nostris (Cic. Brut. 29), 'they read the Cyropædia, an admirable work it must be allowed, but not so well suited to our business.' The omission of the pronoun before quidem is of rare occurrence, but we have such constructions as Proposuit quidem legem, sed minutissimis litteris et angusto loco (Sueton. Cal. 41). And the merely adversative sentence without quidem has sometimes a distributive sense; as Ennius esse deos censet, sed eos non curare opinatur, quid agat humanum genus (Cic. de Div. 1. 58), where we might insert ille quidem without altering the signification.

(8) When the distribution has reference to persons or things, already mentioned separately, the pronoun hic, this here,' is generally used to indicate the last-mentioned; ille," that other,' to indicate that which was named first; as Caesar beneficiis atque munificentia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato; ille (the formerCæsar) mansuetudine et misericordia clarus factus, huic (to the latter -Cato) severitas dignitatem addiderat (Sall. Cat. 54). But hic and ille may mean, conversely, the first and the second terms in the enumeration, because in the idea, though not in the retrospective order, the first is nearer than the second; as Melior tutiorque est certa pax, quam sperata victoria; haec (the first-mentioned,

peace) in tua, illa (the second, victory) in deorum potestate est (Liv. xxx. 30).

(7) When the distribution has reference to things already mentioned in the aggregate, the enumeration of the particulars is expressed by a repetition of distributive words; thus we have pars -pars; as Ceteri deserti ab ducibus pars (in part, some of them) transitione, pars (others of them) fuga dissipati sunt (Liv. xxvIII. 16). Multitudo pars (some of the multitude) procurrit in vias, pars (others) in vestibulis stat, pars (others) ex tectis fenestrisque prospectant, et quid rei sit rogitant (Liv. XXIV. 21), where it will be observed that it is optional whether we use the singular or the plural verb with pars in a distributive sentence. Similarly we have pars -quidam; as Cherusci instant cedentibus collectosque in orbem pars (some of them) congressi, quidam (certain of the number) eminus proturbant (Tac. Ann. II. 11). Also alii-alii or alter-alter; as Illi ad deprecandum periculum proferebant, alii (some of them) purpuram Tyriam, tus alii (others), gemmas alii (others), vina nonnulli (some few) Graeca (Cic. Verr. VII. 56). Duae filiae harum altera (one of the two) occisa, altera (the other) capta est (Cæsar, B. G. 1. 53). Sometimes the distribution is expressed in a single sentence, as when we have Discedebant alius in aliam partem (alius alio), 'they separated one to one side, one to the other.' So also Aliter cum aliis loqueris, 'you speak differently to different people.' Haec aliter ab aliis definiuntur, 'these things are defined by different persons in different manners.' Sometimes the distribution is expressed without an enumeration of parts by the mere pronoun quisque; as Neque mirum, ubi vos separatim sibi quisque (each of you for himself) consilium capitis (Sall. Cat. 52). Infensus miles memoria laborum se quisque (each of the soldiers), ultione et sanguine explebant (Tac. Ann. IV. 25). Quisque suos patimur Manes (Virg. En. VI. 745). So also we have hic et hic, hic et ille, ille et ille, this and that,' 'one or two.'

§ 6. (e) Distinctive Sentences.

198 As the distributive sentence is often in a certain sense adversative, so the distinctive sentence may approximate in logical value to the distributive. But the distributive is of wider application than the adversative, and the distinctive than the distributive. The main instrument in the construction of a distinctive sentence

in Latin is the pronoun, and a discussion of this form of the coordinate sentence resolves itself into an examination of the syntax of the different demonstrative and indefinite pronouns; but although the Latin language is much more precise in this respect than the English, it sometimes omits the pronoun where we should insert it; it dispenses with the verb when distinctive nouns are used; and it often repeats the same word where we should use some distinctive expression. It will be convenient, before we investigate the syntax of the different pronouns, which are used as substitutes for nouns in distinctive sentences, to consider those cases in which the pronoun or verb is omitted, and in which the same word, whether noun or pronoun, is repeated to mark a distinctive relation.

(a) Omission of the Pronoun or Verb.

199 (aa) The pronoun is not inserted, as in English, when there are distinctive genitives in reference to the same noun; as Perspicuum est benevolentiae vim esse magnam, metus (that of fear, i.e. vim metus) imbecillam. Cic. de Off. II. 8.

(bb) The same verb is not repeated in distinctive sentences, even though a different person or number would be required; thus we have Abi rus ergo hinc: ibi ego te (i.e. feram, 'I will put up with you'), tu me feres. Ter. Heaut. IV. 2. 4. In Hyrcania plebs publicos alit canes, optimates domesticos (i. e. canes alunt, rear dogs in their houses'). Cic. Tusc. Disp. 1. 45.

(B) Repetition of Distinctive Words.

200 (aa) The same noun is repeated, when mutuality or correspondence is signified; as Placet Stoicis homines hominum causa esse generatos (Cic. de Off. III. 17), 'it is the opinion of the Stoics. that men have been created for the sake of one another.' Ad Vadimonis lacum Etrusci, lege sacrata coacto exercitu, quum vir virum legisset (each man having chosen his mate), dimicarunt. Liv. IX. 39.

(bb) More frequently the same pronominal word is repeated in this sense; as Sergius Virginiusque noxii ambo alter in alterum causam conferunt (lay the blame upon one another, i. e. the one upon the other). Liv. v. 11. Nihil aliud in judicium venit, nisi uter utri insidias fecerit (which of the two plotted against the other). Cic. Mil. 12. Magni est judicis statuere quid quemque cuique praestare

oporteat (what every man ought to do for his neighbour, i. e. every man for every man). Cic. de Off. III. 17. Alius alio gravius atque ornatius de mea salute dixit (every successive speaker outstript the previous speaker in the dignity and eloquence with which he enlarged on my safety). Cic. Sext. 34. Equites sine duce relicti alii alia (one in one way, another in another) in civitates suas dilapsi sunt. Liv. XLIV. 43.

(7) Use of the Distinctive Pronouns.

201 The signification of the pronouns has been already given (above, Part 1. Chap. III.); but it belongs to the syntax of coordinate sentences to illustrate by examples the construction of the demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, which are used as the vehicles of distinctive reference.

(aa) Is.

The pronouns, which are most especially distinctive, are is and its two derivatives idem and ipse, corresponding, as we have seen (above, 63), to the three usages of the Greek autós. In its most ordinary use, is is either the correlative of qui in a definitive sentence, as A me ii contenderunt, qui apud me et amicitia et dignitate plurimum possunt (Cic. Rosc. Am. 1), 'I was applied to by the particular persons, who have the greatest influence with me on grounds of friendship or worthiness;' or it is a mere pronoun of reference; as Omitto Isocratem discipulosque ejus, Ephorum et Naucratem (Cic. Or. 51), 'I omit Isocrates and his scholars (the scholars of the person in particular just mentioned) Ephorus and Naucrates.' In regard to the former usage, the is sometimes introduces not qui, but quicunque or siquis; as Eam fortunam quaecunque erit tua (Cic. Mil. 36). Ex ea facilitate, si quam habet (Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15). As a pronoun of reference is becomes emphatically distinctive, when it is used by itself with a copulative or disjunctive conjunction, so that et is, et is quidem, atque is, or isque, means 'and that too,' and nec is means 'and that not;' as in the following examples: Exempla quaeruntur et ea (and those) non antiqua. Cic. Verr. III. 90. Epicurus una in domo et ea quidem (and that too) angusta quam magnos quantaque amoris conspiratione consentientes tenuit amicorum greges! (Cic. Fin. 1. 20). Uno atque eo facili (and that an easy one) proelio caesi ad Antium hostes (Liv. IV. 57). Unam rem explicabo eamque maximam (Cic. Fin. 1. 8), 'I will explain one

circumstance, and that a point of the greatest importance.' Galli legionem nec eam plenissimam (and that not a very complete one) propter paucitatem despiciebant (Cæs. B. G. III. 2). If the distinction added belongs to the general predication, we have et id or idque; as Crassum cognovi studiis optimis deditum idque a puero (Cic. ad div. XIII. 16), 'I have known Crassus to be devoted to the best pursuits, and that too (i. e. the circumstance that he was so devoted) from his boyhood.' We have also sed is in a similar sense; as Severitatem in senectute probo, sed eam modicam (Cic. Sen. 18). The distinctive sentence with is sometimes stands by itself and independently of the context. In this case it begins the sentence; as P. Annius Asellus mortuus est C. Sacerdote praetore. Is quum haberet unicam filiam, eam bonis suis heredem instituit (Cic. Verr. I. 41). In this casę the proper name of the person referred to is sometimes repeated in the distinctive sentence, and we write, for instance, is Piso (Sull. Cat. 19), much in the same way as we should write in Greek ó Пllow. We have also is est and id est in the sense 'I mean to speak of.'

(bb) Idem.

Besides its common use in expressions of identity, where we say 'the same,' idem is employed distinctively when we introduce some adverbial phrase denoting correspondence ('also,' 'likewise,' ' at the same time,' 'in the same manner') or contrast ('still,' 'on the other hand,' 'notwithstanding'); as Nihil utile, quod non idem honestum (Cic. de Off. III. 7), 'nothing is useful, which is not also (at the same time) virtuous.' Etiam patriae hoc munus debere videtis, ut ea, quae salva per te est, per te eundem sit ornata (Cic. Leg. 1. 2), 'you seem to owe this good service to your country, that being saved by you, it should be adorned by you also.' Inventi multi sunt, qui vitam profundere pro patria parati essent, iidem (still, notwithstanding, on the other hand) gloriae jacturam ne minimam quidem facere vellent (Id. ibid. 1. 24). Epicurus, quum optimam et praestantissimam naturam dei dicat esse, negat idem esse in deo gratiam (Cic. N. D. 1. 43), 'Epicurus, although he says that the nature of God is the best and most excellent, denies all the while that there is any feeling of favour in the Deity.'

(cc) Ipse.

We may use ipse either alone or with an immediate reference to the personal or reflexive pronouns. In the former case, it denotes