APPENDIX V.

ANTIBARBARUS.

THE Latin scholar should not only be able to distinguish those Latin expressions, which, though equally correct, slightly differ in meaning. He should also discriminate between the correct and idiomatic words and phrases, and those which are unusual or inadmissible. Most of the classical and correct idioms of the Latin language have been noticed in the course of the Grammar, and attention has been directed to many faulty and objectional phrases or constructions. As, however, this work is especially intended for the use of those who wish to write Latin, it will be desirable to append a list of the solocisms into which English students are most likely to fall. More than one elaborate treatise, bearing the title of Antibarbarus, has been written on this subject. It is to be doubted whether the perusal of one of these works would be likely to remedy the defects which it exemplifies. And it is much better that the young Latinist should be cautioned only against the most usual and probable barbarisms. It is to be observed that the cautions given below with regard to a selection of phrases do not apply to those who use the Latin language as a medium of literary communication. For these persons modern Latin is not a dead language, but admits of new developments within certain limits like any other form of human speech; and to confine the mature scholar to a Ciceronian style is an exploded pedantry. But those, who are still acquiring the habit of writing Latin, cannot be too particular or exact, for it is only from those who have passed the necessary apprenticeship in an imitation of the best models, that we can expect a good and pleasing form of modern Latinity.

A.

Abbreviare, to abbreviate,' is not classical; use per notas scribere for short-hand writing, verborum compendia facere for abbreviations of single words (as Ictus for juris consultus), and contrahere, in breve cogere, in angustum deducere or breviare (Quintil.) for the abridgment of a discourse.

Abdicare magistratum is unclassical; we should say abdicare se magistratu. The metaphorical abdicare se humanitate, though used by Ruhnken (Opusc. I. p. 86), has no classical authority; it should be humanitatem (omnem) exuere. Cic. Att. XIII. 2; Ligar. v. § 14. Abhine, which properly refers to past time only (from this time, counting backwards), is sometimes wrongly used with reference to future time or distance in space; in its proper use we must not add ante; thus ante decem annos abhinc is unclassical.

Abscondere se is not classical; write abdere se, occultare se.

Absque, though commonly used for sine by modern Latinists in such phrases as absque vitiis, absque omni dubitatione, is barbarous, except in the phrase absque eo esset (above, p. 331).

Accuratus is an unclassical substitute for diligens in the sense of our 'accurate' or 'exact.' So also the adverb accurate.

Acquisitio is very late Latin for comparatio, adeptio.

Activus does not occur as a substitute for gnavus, industrius, strenuus, promptus.

Ad diem is false Latin for ante diem. So also ad summum, 'in the highest degree,' for summum, ad minimum for minimum, ad instar for instar, &c.

Adaptare for accommodare has no authority.

Adducere scriptorem, to quote an author,' is unclassical; of persons we say producere, citare, laudare, proferre; of things, afferre. Adhibere vocabulum, 'to use a word,' is not good Latin for uti.

Adhuc is frequently confused with etiam tunc, and hactenus (above, p. 168). Its use with comparatives, as adhuc fortior, still stronger,' for etiam fortior, is not Ciceronian.

Adoptare, e.g. lectionem, for recipere, is not supported by any good authority.

Advocatus in classical Latin is not the patronus or patronus causae, i. e.

'the advocate' in our sense, but a friend and abettor.

Edes in the plur. does not signify 'a temple' without the addition of deorum, sacrae, or divinae.

Egritudo means 'trouble of mind,' aegrotatio, or morbus, 'bodily ailment.'

Equator is bad Latin for circulus aequinoctialis, or meridianus.

Era, a period of time,' is very low Latin for temporum, annorum computatio.

Estimabilis is new Latin for dignus qui magni aestimetur; aestimare

must not be used in the sense of our 'to esteem' without magni, nor must we substitute aestimatio for existimatio or observantia.

Afferre scriptorem, 'to quote an author,' is not good, but we may say, afferre locum scriptoris (above s. Adducere).

Agere de aliqua re cannot be said of a book, as hic liber agit de aliqua re, but we must say hic liber est de aliqua re, in hoc libro tractatur aliqua res, disseritur, disputatur de aliqua re. It is also barbarous to say agere for habere orationem.

Aggressio is late Latin for impetus, petitio, incursio, incursus, oppugnatio, &c.

Aio with non is barbarous for nego.

Alienatio mentis for dementia, amentia, furor, stupor, belongs to the later Latinity.

Alioqui is un-Latin in the sense alio loco, aliis locis.

Aliquantus must not be used to signify 'a little,' for it means a considerable amount,' and we must not say aliquanto major, but paulo major for 'greater by a little.'

Alius a is not Latin, although used by Ernesti (Opusc. Phil. p. 23); we must write diversus a, or repeat the alius.

Alloqui aliquem, 'to address a person,' is bad Latin for adire aliquem, petere ab aliquo.

Alludere, to allude' (in words), is late Latin for significare, designare, respicere with or without tecte.

Ambire magistratum is not good Latin for petere mag. We may say, however, ambire plebem, cives, patres, amicos, in the sense 'to

canvass.'

Amittere proelium, 'to lose a battle,' is a barbarous substitute for vinci proelio, inferiorem discedere proelio.

Animalculum is bad Latin for bestiola.
Anne for annon or necne is barbarous.

Annuus in the sense 'returning yearly' is bad Latin for anniversarius, though Wyttenbach (Opusc. 1. p. 43) uses it so. It means tinuing through the year, as magistratus annui.

con

Ante judicem (judicium) vocare aliquem is bad Latin for in judicium, in jus vocare.

Antecedens (with liber, epistola, verbum) is bad Latin for superior; so also anterior must not be used for prior.

Appendere, to hang up,' is bad Latin for suspendere, though used by Heyne (ad Virg. Ecl. III. 12).

Applausus is a modern substitute for plausus.

Apprehendere, 'of mental apprehension,' is late Latin for percipere, mente comprehendere, intelligere.

Assecla, assectator, are not classical substitutes for discipulus, alumnus, qui ab aliquo est, alicujus sententiam sequitur.

Asserere aliquid is late Latin for affirmare, dicere, censere; and so is assertio for sententia, dictum, effatum.

Assistere alicui, in the sense of our 'assist' is late Latin for adesse, non deesse alicui, &c.

Attendere ad aliquem, aliquid is incorrect; we should say attendere aliquid, or animum attendere ad aliquid. The same remark applies to attentio for attentus animus.

Attinet me, 'it concerns me,' is bad Latin for attinet ad me; and we must not say quod ad id attinet quod for quod alone. But quod ad librum attinet (Cic. ad div. vI. 7 fin.) is right. It is also wrong to say: 'hac de re multi scripserunt, et, quod ad Ciceronem attinet, is quinque libros scripsit' for et Cicero quidem quinque, &c.

Attrahere, 'to draw to oneself,' e. g. nervum, habenas, is bad Latin for adducere.

Auctor is not classical for scriptor in the sense of our 'author.'

Audire bene, male is bad Latin for auditu valere, acri esse auditu;

auditu non valere, surdastrum esse.

Auditus, hearing,' is seldom used for sensus audiendi, aurium.
Auxiliatrix is late Latin for adjutrix.

B.

Bellicosus must be used with animus, gens, &c., but bellicus with virtus, laus, gloria; and ars militaris is more common than ars bellica. Bellum cum aliquo, is bad Latin unless there is a verb; 'the war with the Persians,' for instance, is not bellum cum Persis, but bellum Persarum or Persicum.

Bene dicere, 'to bless or praise,' with the accusative, is only found in later Latin.

Bene vivere, to live well,' i. e. luxuriously, is unclassical; we must write laute, molliter, jucunde, liberaliter, magnifice vivere.

Biblia Sacra is bad Latin for divinae (sanctae litterae), libri divini, scriptura sancta, sacri Judæorum Christianorumque libri. Bonum mihi videtur facere aliquid is bad Latin for mihi videtur, placet, libet, &c.

Borealis is late Latin for septentrionalis, ad septentriones vergens, spectans, &c.

Brachia in the phrase in brachiis alicujus mori, to die in a person's arms,' is not used for in alicujus complexu or manibus.

Breve ante tempus, brevi ante tempore are not Latin for brevi ante or

nuper.

Breviter or brevi is not Latin for quid multa? quid plura? ne multa, quid quaeris, &c.

C.

Caecutire, to be blind,' is later Latin for caecum esse, oculis captum

esse.

Calumniosus, calumniose are not the classical expressions; we should

write criminosus, malignus; criminose, per calumniam.

Calx must not be used to signify 'the end,' unless there is some reference, direct or metaphorical, to the race-course. In calce, ad calcem libri, though common in modern Latin, are unsupported by any good authority.

Capacitas ingenii, capax ingenium are bad Latin for ingenii magnitudo, vis percipiendi, indoles praeclara, ingenium magnum, acre, praestans, &c.

Capessere opportunam occasionem or opportunitatem occasionis is not found in the sense of occasionem opportunam arripere, capere, non praetermittere.

Capitalis in the sense of distinguished, eminent,' though used by Ruhnken (Opusc. 1. p. 91), occurs only once in Cicero and Ovid. Carere, 'to do without,' 'not to require,' is bad Latin for non opus

esse.

Castigare must be confined to words, and must not be used of personal chastisements; the zeugma in Cic. Tusc. III. 27 does not justify the

modern usage.

Catalogus is not good Latin for index, enumeratio.

Causa, with the genitive, refers to the future, and we must use ob and propter with the accusative of the past, and per or prae of present reasons or obstacles; thus we must not say tempestatis causa ad te venire non potui, but per tempestatem or prae tempestate; and while we may say injuriae inferendae causa, we must not write injurias illatae causa, but propter injuriam illatam.

Celeber, celeberrimus are confined in the best authors to much-frequented places, well-known days, names, or things; accordingly we should not write vir celeber, celeberrimus, for vir clarus, illustris, clarissimus. Chorus should not be used for canticum to signify the song or poem. Circumscriptio is bad Latin for circumlocutio.

Clima, the climate,' is a later expression for caelum, natura or temperatio caeli.

Coaequalis, coaetaneus, coaevus for 'contemporary' are new Latin terms for aequalis, ejusdem aetatis, ejusdem temporis.

Coepi with an infinitive pass. (except fieri) must be avoided; we should say coeptus est laudari, &c.

Cognitio and cognitiones never signify acquired knowledge, which must

be expressed by disciplina, doctrina, eruditio, &c. The proper