5

460 293 Footpath [semita] from the Porta Capena to the Temple of Mars, paved with squared stone [saxo quadrato] (x. 23).

467

Images of Romulus and Remus as infants, under a wolf, made in bronze, (x. 23) [now preserved in the Capitoline Museum**].

288 The Colossus of Rhodes erected. 286 Last secession of the Plebeians. 470 283 Etruria is annexed to the Roman territory.

472 281 Invasion of Italy by Pyrrhus, King

+

of Epirus.

280 Statue of Demosthenes at Athens. 484 269 First Silver Coinage at Rome. 485 268 Appius Claudius Crassus Rufus, Consul.

487 266 The whole of Italy is subject to Rome.

489 264 First Punic War, which lasted until 241.

493 260 The Romans build their first fleet. 494 260 Carthaginian fleet defeated at Sicily (Eutrop., ii. 20).

498 255 Attilius Regulus, general.

7

499

8

Duillius

9

ΤΟ

254 The Carthaginian fleet again conquered (Eutrop., ii. 22).

506 247 The Vicus Tuscus made.

506 247-163 The Carthaginians invade Italy under Hannibal.

A.U.C. B.C.

Contemporary Events.

540 213 Temples of Fortuna and Mater Matuta within the City, the Porta Carmentalis and Spes outside of that gate, burnt in a fire originating in the Via Salaria (xxiv. 47). The figure of Victory on the apex of the Temple of Concord struck by lightning (xxvi. 23). Another great fire round the Forum destroyed the seven Tabernæ (wooden booths), the silversmiths' shops, several private houses, and halls (Basilica) from the fishmarket (Forum Piscatorium) on the north, to the Royal Hall (Atrium Regium) on the Palatine to the south; the Temple of Vesta saved with difficulty (xxvi. 27). 210 Diogenes Laertius, Greek writer. 542 211 Temple of Jupiter struck by lightning, and the roof burnt (xxvii. 4).

6

545

547

208 Census of Citizens-214,000.
206 Scipio becomes master of Spain.
The Markets or public meeting-.
places (fora) and the street from
the Forum Boarium to the Tem-
ple of Venus, paved with stone.

549 204 Scipio lands in Africa.
204-132 Polybius, Greek historian.
End of the Second Punic War.

553 200 Grecian Statues and Paintings first introduced into Rome by Marcellus in his triumphal procession.

554 199 Second war against Philip commenced (xxxi. 5).

555 198 **Sarcophagus of Cornelius Scipio, in the Hypogeum or Catacomb of the Scipio family. (Inscription.)

556 197 Victory of Flaminius.

Philip submits to Rome.

557 196 The Roman Senate decrees the freedom of Greece.

558 195 Cato proceeds to Spain as consul.

559 194 Flaminius returns to Rome. Antiochus enters Greece. Triumphal Arch of C. Stertinius, between the Forum Boarium and the Circus Maximus,

Golden Quadrigæ placed at top of Temple of Jupiter, and twelve golden shields (xxxv. 41).

PHOTOGRAPHS

12 Nos. 990, 1046.

14 No. 1230.

564

189 Temple of Jupiter, and shops round the Forum, struck by lightning (xxxvi. 37).

188 Statue of Hercules placed in his Temple (xxxv. 38).

565 188 Triumphs of Æmilius Regillus and Scipio Africanus.

566 187 War with the Ligurians (xxxviii. 35).

567 186 Via Flaminia, the road from Aretium (Arezzo) to Bononia (Bologna). Via Emilia, the road from Ariminum to Placentia.

568 185-129 Scipio Africanus Minor, general. Census-258,318 Roman citizens.

184 Plautus, poet, author of comedies. 570 183 Death of Scipio Africanus and of Hannibal.

573 180 Earthquake felt in Rome (xl. 59). **The Port in the Tiber, and the Piers of the Pons Palatinus, made by M. Fulvius (xl. 51); arches added and the bridge completed by P. Scipio Africanus, A.U.c. 610. [The gigantic stone corbels carved into lions' heads, of Etruscan style, which project from the cliff of the Tiber in the upper part of the Port, were evidently made for fastening vessels in it, and are probably of this period.]

577 176 Another fire in the Forum. Temple of Venus burnt (xli. 2).

174 Census of Rome-269,016 citizens. Istria and the Ligurians conquered (xli, 8 and 13).

Seats for the ædiles and prætors in the theatres (xli. 27). 3

Houses for the chariots in the circus [carceres], and eggs for marking the number of courses (xli. 27). 4

579 174 Circus of Flora.

5 583 170 Basilica Sempronia, built by T. Sempronius (xliv. 16). 6 584 169 Porticus of Octavia erected by Cn. Octavius, rebuilt A. D. 202, near the Theatre of Pompey, and distinct from the Portico of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, near the Theatre of Marcellus (Festus).

597

7

603 156 Porticus and first covered foot-way made in the Capitol by the same, and sculptures placed in it.

A.U.C. B.C.

Contemporary Events.

578 175 The Censors pave the streets with hard stone [silice] within the city, and gravel or sand [glarea] outside the City, and footpaths on the sides (xli. 27).

579 174 Clivus Capitolinus paved with hard stone or lava [silice], (xli. 27). Porticus from the Temple of Saturn in the Capitol, to the Senaculum and the court [curia] above it, paved (xii. 27).

Another Porticus, outside of the Porta Trigemina, to the Aventine, also paved with silex, and made public from the Temple of Venus (xli. 27).

582 171 Third war with the Macedonians under Perseus.

169 Q. Ennius, poet, ob.

585 168 Macedonia is annexed.

P. Æmilius defeats Perseus, king of
Macedon.

586 167 The first Public Library is opened at Rome.

9

End of Livy's history.

Polybius, the historian, sent to
Rome, and 1000 Achæans.

Census-337,022 Roman citizens.

163 Sempronius Gracchus.

159 A Water Clock (clepsydra) set up at Rome, by Scipio Nasica (Plin., vii. 215).

157 Terentius, writer of comedies, ob. 157-86 Caius Marius, general.

596

622 131 Temple of Bellona or Mars in the Circus Flaminius, built by Brutus Callaicus (Dio, liv. 26.)

12

604

149 Third Punic War, lasted until 146. 146 Destruction of Carthage by P. Scipio (Africanus).

13

610

143 Numantian War.

615

rebuilt. (See A.U.c. 537.) 14 Basilica Opimia, built by the Consul Opimius.

620

138-78 SYLLA, general and dictator. 133 Pergamus and Spain become Roman Provinces.

15

622 131-62 Mithradates the Great.

123 Carthage rebuilt by Caius Gracchus. 116-28 Terentius Varro, grammarian. 113 War with the Cimbri.

642 111 War with Jugurtha, lasts until 106. 110 Plutarch, Greek biographer.

647 106-48 Pompey the Great.

106-43 MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO.

106 Numidia becomes a Roman Province.

Birth of Pompey.

649 104 Jugurtha, general.

104-50 Q. Hortensius, orator.

104 The Eagle becomes the National Standard Plin. x. 16).

651 102 C. Marius defeats the Cimbri.

PHOTOGRAPHS

18 No. 1643.

20 Nos. 361, 1360.

21 Nos. 361, 1360.

9

Contemporary Events.

653 100 Birth of C. JULIUS CESAR.

Triumph of Marcus and Catulus (Eutrop. v. i.)

95-46 Cato of Utica.

656 97 Human sacrifices forbidden by the

2

663

664

3

665

Temple of Hercules Custos (in the Circus Flaminius) (Ovid. Fast., vi. 209).

Senate.

90 Social or Marsic War (Fasti Cap.) ends in 88-Sylla Consul.

89 Rome taken by Sylla, the Porta Esquilina burnt.

Civil War of Marius and Sylla. 88 Rome taken by Marius and Cinna. First war with Mithradates, lasts until 84.

87-57 Catullus, poet.

86-34 Sallust, historian, born.

86 Death of Caius Marius.

668

85 The Capitolium burnt.

670

5

671

675

687

688

692

694

697

698

78 Three temples under one roof built on the Capitol, which had been burnt in 668, and begun by Sylla, finished by Q. Lutatius Catulus, the Consul (Dionys., iv. 61). **Tabularium on the Capitol and

6

Substructure of the Intermontium, partly rebuilt, after the fire in 668. (Inscription, Orell. 31, 3267.) (See A.U.c. 364.)

7

Basilica Emilia, built by Marcus Emilius Lepidus, Consul. Numidian marble brought for the house of Marcus Lepidus. (Domus pulchrior non fuit Roma; xxxvi. 24, 4).

679

Plin.,

685

686

688

689

690

693

14

695

15

698

16

64 Pompey conquers Jerusalem, and makes Syria a Roman Province. 63 Suppression of Catiline's Conspiracy. Julius Cæsar and Mark Antony Consuls.

Birth of Octavius, afterwards called
Augustus.

63-12 Marcus Vipsanius AGRIPPA.

61 to A.D. 45. Seneca, philosopher.

60 The First Triumvirate (Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus).

59 Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian. Julius Cæsar Consul.

58 Julius Cæsar invades Gaul; his campaigns last to B.c. 50.

55 Julius Cæsar invades Britain.

The Campus Martius begun to be built upon.

The Triumvirs meet at Lucca.

a No. 304.

C

PHOTOGRAPHS

7 Nos. 122, 578. II No. 162.