and sewers, saying that 'the citizens of Rome, the conquerors of all the neighbouring nations, were from warriors reduced to labourers and stone-masons.'

The wall of the Pulchrum Littus may be traced at intervals from the Porta Trigemina and the Pons Sublicius, opposite the Aventine, to the bridge popularly called the "Ponte Rotto." It may have been continued as far as the Pons Fabricii, or "de' Quattro Capi," from the island, but in that part the wall is of a later period. The Salaria, or salt-wharf, has been rebuilt, so that there also no remains are visible; but near to this, at the Place called "Porta Leone," opposite the Etruscan lions' heads, and close to the mouth of the Marrana, several yards of this fine wall remain perfect, and may readily be seen by descending a rather steep path on the sand-bank in front of part of it. The mouth of the Cloaca Maxima is also made in a part of this wall.

That the JANICULUM was not considered part of THE CITY at this time, we have clear evidence, the Tiber being continually mentioned as the western boundary. At the same time it is evident that the Janiculum was, from a very early period, connected with the city by a covered way, and so should scarcely be omitted in speaking of the Primitive Fortifications. It is referred to by several authors.

"And those [parts] of which the river Tiber forms the defence. Of this river the breadth is about four plethra [400 ft.,] the depth sufficient to float large vessels, and the current equal in rapidity to that of any other river, and forming great eddies. The Tiber cannot be passed on foot, but only by a bridge, of which there was only one at that time, constructed of wood, and this they took to pieces in time of war"."

"The Janiculum also was taken in [by Ancus Marcius], not from want of room, but to prevent its serving at any time as an arx or place of strength to an enemy; and it was determined that this should be connected with the city, not only by a wall, but likewise, for the convenience of passage, by a wooden bridge which was then first built over the Tiber'.

"He [Ancus Marcius] fortified also what is called the Janiculum, a lofty mountain situated on the other side of the river Tiber, and placed in it a sufficient garrison for the security of those who sailed upon the river. For the Tuscans, occupying the whole country on that side of the river, were in the habit of plundering the dealers in merchandise. The wooden bridge also, which is capable of being held together without brass or iron, by means of the wood itself, it is he that is said to have built over the Tiber. This bridge, up to the present time, they preserve with care, regarding it as sacred §."

Dionys. Halic., Ant., lib. ix. c. 68. "Janiculum quoque adjectum; non inopia loci, sed ne quando ea arx hostium esset. Id non muro solum, sed etiam, ob commoditatem itineris, ponte sublicio, tum primum in Tiberis facto, conjungi urbi placuit." (Livii Hist., lib.

F

i. c. 33.) The piers of a wooden bridge, called the Sublician bridge, which connected the city with the Janiculum, are still visible when the water is low in the Tiber, just within the line of the Porta Trigemina.

Dionys. Hal., Ant., lib. iii. c. 46.

"After that, they [the Roman Consuls] strengthened with more effectual fortifications and guards the hill called Janiculum, which is a high mountain near Rome, lying on the other side of the river Tiber, and took care above all things that the enemy should not possess themselves of so convenient a post to annoy the city, and there they laid up their provisions for the war "."

"Perceiving that this hill [the Janiculum] would form a strong position against the city, in case an army should advance against it, he surrounded it with a wall and ditch, and those that had been removed from Tellene and Politorium, and other cities of which he had gained possession, he settled in this place i.”

It was eventually included within the circuit of the walls of the Empire; one object of this was to protect the flour-mills which had been made on the side of this hill.

The foss of the Janiculum is distinctly visible in the vineyards on the slope of it. In the upper part on the southern side, near the site now occupied by the church of S. Pietro in Montorio, a battery was erected in 1868 by the Pontifical Government, which has destroyed the outline of the old earthworks in that part. But below this, within the remains of the wall of Aurelian, it is quite visible down the side of the hill, nearly as far as the monastery of S. Cosimato. Under the church also the ancient scarped cliffs can be seen, and on the northern side, where the mills are placed upon the wall in the old towers, the foss is very evident on the outside of them, with a great difference of level between the inside of the wall and the outside. Remains of the towers and wall of Aurelian can also be distinctly seen built up against the scarped cliffs, now serving as substructure to the mills. This bank or foss goes down to the Tiber, passing by the Porta Settimiana.

The fortified palaces of the SESSORIUM and of the Lateran were probably external fortresses outside the city, each with its separate agger and foss, but were afterwards included in the boundary in the time of the Empire, when the present great wall was built by Aurelian.

h Dionys. Hal., Ant., lib. v. c. 22.

1 Ibid., lib. iii. c. 44.

SECTION VIII. GATES OF SERVIUS TULLIUS.

THE fortifications of Servius Tullius, as we have seen, consisted for the most part of strengthening the outer line of the old fortifications of the separate hills chiefly along the base of cliffs, and connecting them together by short pieces of wall and foss across the valleys at their narrowest points, making gates wherever they crossed a road, and on the side, where there was no cliff, making a large agger.

It has been contended that the passage in Pliny which gives thirty-seven as the total number of the gates, involves the supposition that there were at least twenty-five (according to another opinion thirty gates) in the line of the enceinte of Servius Tullius. An examination of the existing remains of this wall of enceinte, together with the evidence to be derived from scarped cliffs and ancient roadways, renders it probable that this number is excessive. In the next section the questions involved in the interpretation of the passage in question will be discussed. It is only necessary to say here that Pliny, in enumerating the gates, refers in all probability to the outer line of enceinte, which is usually attributed to Aurelian, but which was already recognised in Pliny's time as the wall of Rome (although not of THE CITY), and which, as has already been said, although raised and mainly rebuilt in the time of Aurelian, contains portions of an older wall, so that there must have been gates in it before his time.

In the older line of enceinte there are places for, and probably were, some fifteen or sixteen gates. No list is preserved to us, but in default it has been usual to take the name of the gates incidentally mentioned in ancient authors. From Varro, the most important authority on this question, as being the earliest, we obtain three names, viz. Nævia, Rauduscula, and Lavernalis, as in the circuit, and Mugionis, Romanula, and Janualis, as within the walls.

The following is a list of those which we think there is reason to place in the enceinte of Servius Tullius, and we have, as far as possible, assigned to them their probable position :

* See Nibby, le Mura di Roma, disegnate da W. Gell, illustrate con testo e note. 8vo., Roma, 1820. G. A. Becker, de Romæ veteris muris atque portis,

8vo., Lipsiæ, 1842; and Dyer, in Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities, 8vo., Lond. 1856. Burn's Rome and the Campagna, chap. iv. Cambridge, 1871, 4to.

I. PORTA FLUMENTANA.-This was near the bank of the river, and therefore probably across what is now the Via di Porta Leone, which, although a modern street, follows the course of an ancient. one, running at a low level parallel to the river.

In the year of Rome 559m, a large part of the city, in the neighbourhood of this gate, was inundated. Again, in the following year, the two wooden bridges were carried away and many buildings destroyed, especially near this gate". It was sufficiently near the river for the stream to flow through it in time of flood, as mentioned by Paulus Diaconus; it therefore probably stood between the Porta Carmentalis and the river, and on lower ground. Varro P implies a populous suburb existing outside of this wall and gate, which is still the most populous part of Rome, the Ghetto or Jews' quarter. Here was also a place called lucus Petelinus, mentioned by Livy in his account of the trial of Manlius, whence there was an open vista into the Capitol, through which the temples of the gods could be seen. This gate is also mentioned by Cicero in his letters to Atticus, but without any indication as to site'.

II. PORTA CARMENTALIS.-This gate must have been very near to the foot of the Capitol, and between it and the Porta Flumentana already mentioned. The exact line of the wall of Servius Tullius, connecting the fortifications of the Capitol with the river, cannot now be traced, and hence the position of the two gates, the Flumentana and Carmentalis, is uncertain. As the former was probably across

the Via running nearest to the river, so the latter was probably across the Via della Bocca della Verita, which runs parallel to it, but nearer to the Capitol, the exact spot probably being where the Via della Consolazione meets that street. Livy gives a distinct account of a great conflagration, in which the temples both outside and inside. of the Porta Carmentalis were burnt.

[A. U.C. 539, B.C. 213.] "A terrible fire held Rome bound for two nights and a day, the whole of the ground between the Salinæ and the Porta Carmentalis, with the streets of Equimælius and Jugarius. In the Temple of Fortune and of Mater Matuta, and of Spes outside the gate, the wandering fire burnt many things both sacred and profane."

"... Others were appointed to see to the rebuilding of the temples of Fortuna and Mater Matuta, which were inside the Porta Carmentalis, and that of Spes, which was outside the gate'."

It must, therefore, have been very near to the present church of S. Nicolas in Carcere, which contains the foundations and other parts of the temple of Spes. The fire, as we see, damaged also two temples in the Forum Boarium, and extended as far as the Salaria or salt-wharf on the Tiber.

"

Livy elsewhere mentions that a procession starting from the temple of Apollo, (which was in the direction of the Circus Flaminius,) passed through the Porta Carmentalis and the Vicus Jugarius on its way to the Forum Romanum. The Vicus Jugarius is without doubt the part now occupied by the Via della Consolazione.

The gate was named from an altar that stood near to it, dedicated to a god of that name. The altar and gate of Carmenta are mentioned by Virgil, and noted in the Commentaries of Servius'. Solinus also mentions the situation of it as at the foot of the Capitol, and Festus' says that by some it is called Scelerata, by others Carmentalis.

III. PORTA RATUMENA.-This must have been somewhere in the

nunc fanum est, a quo Carmentali portæ nomen datum est. (Jul. Solin., Polyhist., cap. i.)

"Scelerata porta eadem appellatur a quibusdam, quæ et Carmentalis dicitur, quod ei proximum Carmentæ Sacellum fuit; scelerata autem, quod per eam sex et trecenti Favi cum clientium millibus quinque egressi adversus Etruscos, ad amnem Cremeram omnes sunt interfecti." (S. Pomp. Festi de verborum signific. quae supersunt, ed. Od. Mueller, p. 334, col. i. 1. 2. Lips., M DCCC XXXIX, 4to. p. 285, col. i. 1. 5.)