2. Earlier republican form of the toga. From Becker, Augusteum, III, Pl. CXVII 3. Later republican and early imperial form of the toga. From Scott, Portraiture of Julius Caesar, p. 124 4. The Roman Forum in 1906. From a photograph 5. Cross section of the Carcer in antiquity. See Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, I, p. 152 6. The Tullianum in 1906. From a photograph 7. Pompey. Bust in Copenhagen. From Brunn and Arndt, Griechische und Römische Porträts, No. 524 8. Merchant ship. From a Pompeian relief. See Torr, Ancient Ships, Fig. 26 9. Ship of war. From a Pompeian painting. See Torr, Ancient Ships, Fig. 36 . 10. Coin with head of Caesar. Photographed from original owned by Professor M. H. Morgan 11. Fasces with secures. Relief in Capitoline Museum. From Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities, Pl. LXXXVII, 14 12. Tabellae, found in Pompeii. From Overbeck, Pompeji (4th ed.), ern. 14. Sella curulis and subsellium; a coin of P. Furius Crassipes, From Huelsen-Carter, 144 FIG. 17. Terra-cotta head of an unknown Roman of the late republican or 19. Sarcophagus of one of the Scipios, with the bust often called Ennius. 21. Bronze bust traditionally representing the Elder Brutus. Museum 22. Cithara and Lyra. From a Roman sarcophagus. See Eull. Comm. Archeol. Munic. XXX, pl. XI-XII 23. Bust of Sulla, in the Vatican. From Bernouilli, Kömische Ikonographie, I, Taf. V 24. Via Appia, looking toward the Alban Mount, with the Claudian Aqueduct at the left. From a photograph 25. Roman shoes (calcei). From Baumeister, Denkmäler, p. 2119 PAGE 151 158 159 171 181 183 185 223 230 27. Departing traveler, wearing the paenula, reckoning with the 241 258 Facing page 265 MAPS AND PLANS Latium Facing page 21 tory, by permission of Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons Rome in the time of Cicero Plan of the Forum in the time of Cicero Aegean Sea and adjacent countries The Roman Empire in 49 B.C. From Pelham, Outlines of Roman His INTRODUCTION SKETCH OF CICERO'S LIFE MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO, of equestrian rank, was born at Arpinum, a town of Latium on the border of Campania, January 3, in the year 106 B.C.'. His early life was spent in the neighborhood of his native place and in Rome. In Rome one of his teachers is said to have been the poet Archias. Forty years later Cicero defended Archias in a splendid oration, which is included in this edition. Through the influence of such associates as Archias, Cicero became an omnivorous reader, and the habit remained with him throughout his life. He tells us, in a book about orators, that a man who wishes to become an orator cannot study too much nor make his range of culture too wide. The Social War, caused by the discontent of the Italian allies of Rome, who had not the full right of citizenship, broke out when Cicero was about seventeen years of age. In this war he gained his first experience as a soldier. The young Cicero lost no opportunity, while in the city, to hear speeches from the rostrum, "and every day wrote and read and took notes." The Rhodian rhetorician Molo, who was visiting Rome, gave him lessons in the art of oratory. He was trained in philosophy by the Athenian refugee Philo, and afterwards by the Stoic Diodotus. A practical knowledge of the law came to him from listening to the discourses and pithy sayings of the greatest lawyers of his time, Scaevola the augur and Scaevola's cousin of the same name, the pontifex maximus. Thus the young man became thoroughly equipped for the duties of an advocate and of a citizen. 1 All dates in this volume denote years before Christ unless otherwise designated. |