22. immunitatem, freedom from burdens (munus burden).

23. præmiis, privileges.

27. litteris mandare, commit to writing.

28. rationibus, relations.

cum, although.

30. in vulgus efferri, to be divulged to the public.

31. velint, § 63, I.; it is the consideration which led to instituisse. - litteris confisos, by trusting to documents.

29. 1. hoc, 51, III. end (sc. iis); persuade them of this.

2. ab aliis, etc.; this is the doctrine of metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls.

4. maxime excitari, § 67, IV. 2, that there is the chief incitement to virtue.

11. uti ... propulsarent, in apposition with quod.

13. versantur, occupy or devote themselves.

14. ambactos; this word is perhaps of Celtic origin, and means retainers.

23. reddatur, § 66, II.

30. sint, § 69, note.

33. Deum, § 10, 6.

Mercurium; i.e., the god who pos

sessed the attributes of the Roman Mercury; his Gallic name was Teutates.

30. 8. initia, the first knowledge.

16. auderet, § 57, III. end.

18. ab Dite patre, § 54, VII. note; Dis is usually identified with the Greek Pluto, the god of the lower world; it is a curious fact that both words mean rich.

19. Ob eam causam; because the race came from the dark lower world into the light.

21. noctium; as in our fortnight, se'nnight.—finiunt, limit, and so reckon.

30. communicant, they join with or add to.

31. conjunctim, etc., a joint account is kept. — fructus, the

interest.

32. utriusque, possessive genitive.

31. 1. vitæ, etc.; this was also the case in Rome.

4. de uxoribus, etc., they examine their wives after the man

ner of slaves; i.e., by torture.

5. compertum est, impersonal, if anything is proved.
7. pro, considering.

11. justis, complete; i.e., this was necessary to the completeness; translate, to render their funeral rites complete..

14. sanctum, established, i.e., the clause which follows.

15. re publica, public affairs. - rumore aut fama, vague rumor or definite report.

20. quæ visa sunt; what it seems good, sc. occultare.

22. per consilium, in the way of a regular assembly. 24. This paragraph is taken from Book Iv. ch. 5. 31. quorum, § 50, iv. 3. — in vestigio, at once. 32. 7. ab parvulis, from boyhood.

9. inter suos, among their companions.

14. The joint proprietorship of land, here described, with its annual distribution, finds its analogies in India, Russia, and other countries of the Aryan race (See Maine's Anc. Law. ch. vIII.)

17. quantum ... agri; how much land and in what locality. 19. The true cause is probably that the property belonged to the clan, not to individuals.

20. gerundi, § 1; top of p. 2. - agricultura, for agriculture; the ablative is the usual construction with verbs of changing. 21. parare, acquire.

23. vitandos, § 47, II. (1).

27. The name of the Suevi is generally supposed to mean wandering (sway back and forth); from it is derived the modern Swabia (Baden and Würtemberg). — The two paragraphs which follow are from the first and second chapters of the Fourth Book. 29. singula, 18, II. 1.

33. 4. partem, § 52, IV., in greatest part.

7. officio, § 54, I., render, accustomed to.

8. omnino, with negatives, means at all.—faciant, § 63, I.; it is the explanation given of the word libertate.

10. adduxerunt, § 27, III. 3.

13. et corresponds to neque above. — lavantur, 3d. conj. here. 14. eo, § 54, I., for this reason.

16. Quin etiam, nay even.

18. pretio, § 54, IX.

20. summi laboris, capable of, etc., § 50, 1. 2.

33. expulsos agrees with finitimos, which is subj. of cedere. - virtutis, § 50, III. 4.

17. rerum limits fides; confidence in respect to all things, etc.

34. 3. Tacitus in his Germania (ch. VII.) says: “Reges ex nobilitate, duces ex virtute inruunt.” In ch. XI. he speaks more in detail of the power of the principes.

12. qui, etc., "who wish to follow, let them present themselves," § 67, II. 1. Tacitus, ch. xiii., describes this custom of personal attachment to a chief, which was one of the principal elements of the feudal system.

20. sanctos, inviolable.

26. The Hercynian Forest was the general name for the mountain region of Swabia, Thuringia, and Bohemia, which separates the waters of the Danube from those of the North Sea and Baltic.

32. Provinciæ, i.e., Gallia Transalpina, the modern Provence and neighboring provinces.

35. 2. ipsi, the Gauls; illis, the Germans.

4. expedito, for one with no incumbrance, i.e., a good walker; at the present day, distances are measured in Switzerland, and often in Germany, by hours, not miles.

8. recta regione, along the course.

12. hujus Germaniæ, i.e., which we are acquainted with.

17. prodenda, deserving to be, etc.

19. Probably a hearsay description of the reindeer.

25. alces elks; the Latin c was probably sounded like k 26. varietas, i.e., the changes at different seasons.

27. mutilæ refers to the blunted horns of these animals.

36. 3. summa species, every appearance.

6. uri; from these the Swiss canton of Uri is thought to have taken its name, as Bern did from the bear.

7. specie, § 54, II.; the limiting genitive tauri serves the purpose of an adjective.

11. adolescentes, 36, 1., while growing up.

15. mansuefieri, § 37, vII. end.

18. ab labris, around the rims.

QUINTUS CURTIUS RUFUS.

The precise date of the life of Quintus Curtius is not known; but it is supposed that he lived in the first century after Christ: he was probably a rhetorician, who selected the

career of Alexander as a suitable subject for a piece of composition. As a history his work has little value; but from the grace and brilliancy of its style it has always been a favorite. The first two books are wanting; the third commences with the year B.C. 333, when Alexander, after his victory on the Granīcus, is about to push on against the Persian empire.

The period of Grecian glory under the supremacy of Athens, Sparta, and Thebes was past. Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander, had overthrown the liberty of Greece in the battle of Chæronea, B.C. 338, and was about to take up anew the old hereditary war against Persia, when he was assassinated (B.c. 336), and succeeded by his son Alexander, then a youth of twenty years. Alexander, who had genius and spirit, at once took up his father's plans. In 334 he gained a victory over Darius on the river Granicus, and then advanced through Asia Minor. Early the next year, he entered Cilicia; and now Darius abandoned his defensive policy, left his advantageous position in Mesopotamia, and advanced to meet the invader. This change of policy proved his ruin, as it would have been easy to prevent Alexander from crossing the mountains which separate Cilicia from Syria. The following extract begins with the entrance of Alexander into Cilicia.

37. 8. Castra Cyri, § 46. — § 52, ш. (3). The name of this place is analogous to English names like Leicester, Winchester, in which the root is Castra, and which date from the Roman occupation of Britain. Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Empire, overthrew Croesus B.C. 546.

11. ab aditu, § 54, VI. note.

12. munimenta, object of imitante, which is abl. abs.

15. Memnon was the best general of Darius, and the originator of his former defensive policy: he had just died, an irreparable loss to the King.

19. fuit, it would have been, § 59, note.

25. vindicare debuerat, he ought to have defended; as we cannot form any past tense of ought, we are obliged to use the perfect infinitive in English; § 57, IV., note.

38. 1. vel, even.

3. cum, § 43, has here something of a causal force, and takes the subjunctive; render, rising from the sea.

4. cornu, sharp point.

6. mari cedit, it retreats from the sea.

8. eadem, i.e., Cilicia, sc. est.

puro, clean.

12. tractu, current. - puro,

quippe, since; this use

of quippe for quoniam, is very common in Curtius and other late writers.

15. multa, etc.; we should say, pleasant banks.

19. sedes, positions; Thebes, § 9, 5.; in app. with urbium. - Typhon, a fire-breathing monster of mythology.

39. 1. ipsos, the archers; they were to be as cautious as if actually engaged in battle.

2. Tarson: § 10, 1. — tum maxime, just at that time.

8. Mediam, sc. urbem, § 47, vшII.

10. aliam agrees with oram; Cilicia limits oram understood. -vapore, the steaming heat, or sultriness.

14. decorum agrees with the clause si ... contentum.

16. cultu seems to refer to the bath, which is contrasted with the luxurious baths of the Romans; a simple and easily prepared care of the body: (Crosby.) It is sometimes referred to his clothing. 17. ingressi, sc. regis; this genitive limits artus.

31. Quem, subject of daturum, § 67, 11. 2. ̧

33. penetrarent, § 61, 2.

40. 5. sui, § 50, III. 2.

11. in Ciliciam; the acc., because motion is implied in fore. 13. sibi, § 51, 1. note. — manibus, § 51, v. end.

16. articulo, juncture.

19. provocor, challenged. —superbas; "in which he ordered them to bring the mad son of Philip to him alive and in chains.” Crosby.

20. fortunam, etc.; had my fate in counsel with him ; i.e., took counsel with it.

21. licet, § 39, 1. — arbitrio meo, by my own power.

28. cœpere, § 49, 1. end.

30. injuria, unjustly, § 54, II. note.

31. a latere ipsius, from his own side, i.e., some among his followers.