Exc. 1. The following nouns are masculine, and most of them likewise excepted

in the formation of the genitive:

Obses, idis, a hostage.

Miles, -itis, a soldier.

But ales, miles, heres, interpres, obses, and vales, are also used in the feminine.

Exc. 2. The following feminines are excepted in the formation of the genitive:

Exc. 3. Greek nouns in es are commonly masculine; as, hic ăcînăces, -is, a Persian sword, a scimitar: but some are neuter; as, hoc căcoethes, an evil custom; hippomănes, a kind of poison which grows in the forehead of a foal; pănăces, the herb all-heal; nepenthes, the herb kill-grief. Dissyllables, and the monosyllables Cres, a Cretan, have ētis, in the genitive; as, hic magnes, magnētis, a loadstone; tapes, -ětis, tapestry; lēbes, -ētis, a caldron. The rest follow the general rule. Some proper nouns have either ētis or is; as, Dăres, Darētis, or Daris; which is also sometimes of the first declension; Achilles, has Achillis; or Achilli, contracted for Achillëi or Achillei, of the second declension, from Achilleus: So, Ulysses, Pericles, Verres, Aristotěles, &c.

IS.

9. Nouns in is are feminine, and have their genitive the same with the nominative; as,

auris, auris, the ear; ăvis, avis, a bird. So,

Exc. 1. The following nouns are masculine, and form the genitive according to the general rule:

Axis, axis, an axle-tree.
Aqualis, a water-pot, a ewer.
Callis, a beaten road.
Caulis, the stalk of an herb.

Collis, a hill.

Cenchris, a kind of serpent.

Ensis, a sword.

Fascis, a bundle.

Feciális, a herald.
Follis, a pair of bellows.
Fustis, a staff.
Mensis, a month.

To these add Latin nouns in nis; as, pānis, bread; crinis, the hair; ignis, fire; funis, a rope, &c. But Greek nouns in nis are feminine, and have the genitive in idis; as, tyrannis, tyrannidis, tyranny.

Exc. 2. The following nouns are also masculine, but form their genitive differently:

Cinis, -ĕris, ashes.

Cucumis, -is, or -ĕris, a cucumber.

Dis, Ditis, the god of riches, or rich, an adj.
Glis, gliris, a dormouse, a rat.

Impubis, or impubes, -is, or -ĕris, not marriage-
able.

Lapis, idis, a stone.

Pūbis, or pubes, -is, or oftener -ĕris, marriageable.
Pulvis, -ĕris, dust.

Quiris, -itis, a Roman.
Samnis, -itis, a Samnite.
Sanguis, -inis, blood.

Semis, -issis, the half of any thing.
Võmis, or -er, ĕris, a ploughshare.

Pulvis and cinis are sometimes feminine. Semis is also sometimes neuter, and then it is indeclinable. Pubis and impubis, are properly adjectives; thus, Puberibus caulem foliis, a stalk with downy leaves, Virg. Æn. xii. 413. Impube corpus, the body of a boy not having yet got the down (pubes, is, f.) of youth, Horat. Epod. v. 13. ́Exsanguis, bloodless, an adjective, has exsanguis in the genitive.

Exc. 3. The following are either masculine or feminine, and form the genitive according to the general rule:

Amnis, a river.

Anguis, a snake.

Cănális, a conduit-pipe.

Clünis, the buttock.

Corbis, a basket.

Finis, the end; fines, the boundaries of a field

or territories, is always masculine.

Scrōbis, or scrobs, a ditch.

Torquis, a chain.

Exc. 4. These feminines have idis: Cassis, -idis, a helmet; cuspis, -idis, the point of a spear; capis, idis, a kind of cup; prōmulsis, ždis, a kind of drink, metheglin. Lis, strife, f. has litis.

Exc. 5. Greek nouns in is are generally feminine, and form the genitive variously : some have eos or ios; as, hæresis, -eos, or ios, or -is, a heresy; so, băsis, f. the foot of a pillar; phrasis, a phrase; phthisis, a consumption; poěsis, poetry; metrõpõlis, a chief city, &c. Some have idis, or idos; as, Paris, idis, or -idos, the name of a man; aspis, -idis, f. an asp; ĕphēměris, židis, f. a day-book; iris, -idis, f. the rainbow pyxis, -idis, f. a box. So, Ægis, the shield of Pallas; cantharis, a sort of fly; pěriscělis, a garter; proboscis, an elephant's trunk; piramis, a pyramid; and tigris, a tiger, -idis, seldom tigris: all fem. Part have idis, as, Psophis, -idis, the name of a city: others have inis; as, Eleusis, īnis, the name of a city; and some have entis; as, Simois, Simoentis, the name of a river. Chăris, one of the graces, has Charitis.

OS.

10. Nouns in os are masculine, and have the genitive in ōtis; as, něpos, -ōtis, a grandchild; săcerdos, -ōtis, a priest; also feminine.

Exc. 1. The following are feminine :

Arbos, or, -or, -õris, a tree.

Cos, cotis, a whetstone.

Dos, dotis, a dowry.

Eos, eois, the morning.

Glos, glóris, the husband's sister, or brother's wife.

Exc. 2. The following masculines are excepted in the genitive:

Exc. 3. Os, ossis, a bone; and ōs, oris, the mouth, are neuter.

Exc. 4. Some Greek nouns have õis, as, hēros, -õis, a hero or great man: So Minos,

a king of Crete; Tros, a Trojan; thos, a kind of wolf.

US.

11. Nouns in us are neuter, and have their genitive in õris; as,

pectus, pectoris, the breast; tempus, temporis, time. So,

Acus, chaff.

Fúnus, a funeral.
Foedus, a covenant.

Gěnus, a kind or kindred.

Glomus, a clew.

Lătus, the side.

Thus acĕris, funeris, &c.

Mūnus, a gift or office.

Scélus, a crime.

õlus, pot-herbs.

Sidus, a star.

Ŏnus, a burden.

Vellus, a fleece of wool.

Õpus, a work.

Viscus, an entrail.

Ulcus, a bile.

Rūdus, rubbish.

Pondus, a weight.

Vulnus, a wound.

Glomus, a clew, is sometimes masculine, and has glomi, of the second declension. Venus, the goddess of love, and větus, old, an adjective, likewise have ĕris. Exc. 2. The following nouns are feminine, and form the genitive variously:

Incus, -údis, an anvil.

Pălus, -ūdis, a pool or morass.

Pěcus, (not used,) -ŭdis, a sheep.

Subscus, -ūdis, a dove-tail.

Tellus, -ūris, the earth, or goddess of the earth.

Juventus, -ūtis, youth.

Sălus, -ūtis, safety.

Senectus, -ūtis, old age.

Servitus, -ūtis, slavery.

Virtus, -ūtis, virtue..

Intercus, -ŭtis, a hydropsy.

Intercus is properly an adjective, having aqua understood.

Exc. 3. Monosyllables of the neuter gender have ūris in the genitive; as,

Crus, cruris, the leg.

Jus, jūris, law or right; also broth.

Pus, pūris, the corrupt matter of any sore.

Ligus or -ur, a Ligurian, has Ligăris; lepus,

suis; grus, masc. or fem. a crane, gruis.

Rus, rūris, the country.

Thus, thūris, frankincense.
So Mus, mūris, masc. a mouse.

masc. a hare, lěpõris; sus, masc. or fem. a swine,

Edipus, the name of a man, has Edipõdis: sometimes it is of the second declension, and has Edipi. The compounds of pus have õdis; as, tripus, masc. a tripod, tripõdis; but lägõpus, -õdis, a kind of bird, or the herb hare's foot, is fem. Names of cities have untis; as, Trapezus, Trapezuntis ; Opus, Opuntis.

YS.

12. Nouns in ys are all borrowed from the Greek, and are for the most part feminine. In the genitive they have sometimes yis or yos; as, hæc chělys, chelyis, or -yos, a harp; Căpys, Capyis, or -yos, the name of a man; sometimes they have ÿdis, or ÿdos; as, hæc chlamis, chlamydis, or chlamydos, a soldier's cloak; and sometimes ÿnis, or ÿnos; as, Trachys, Trachýnis, or Trachinos, the name of a town.

ES, AUS, EUS.

13. The nouns ending in as and aus are, Es, æris, n. brass, or money. Fraus, fraudis, f. fraud.

Laus, laudis, f. praise.

Præs, prædis, m. or f. a surety.

Substantives ending in the syllable eus are all proper names, and have the genitive in eos; as, Orpheus, Orpheos; Tereus, Tereos. But these nouns are also found in the second declension, where eus is divided into two syllables: thus, Orpheus, gen. Orphei, or sometimes contracted Orphei, and that into Orphî.

S WITH A CONSONANT BEFORE IT.

14. Nouns ending in s with a consonant before it, are feminine; and form the genitive by changing the s into is or tis; as,

trabs, trăbis, a beam; scobs, scobis, saw-dust; hiems, hiemis, winter; gens, gentis, a nation; stips, stīpis, alms; pars, partis, a part; sors, sortis, a lot; mors, -tis, death. Exc. 1. The following nouns are masculine:

Exc. 2. The following are either masculine or feminine:

Adeps, adipis, fatness.

Rudens, -tis, a cable.

Scrobs, scrobis, a ditch.

Serpens, -tis, a serpent.

Stirps, stirpis, the root of a tree.
Stirps, an offspring, always fem.

Animans, a living creature, is found in all the genders, but most frequently in the fem. or neuter

Exc. 3. Polysyllables in eps change e into i; as, hæc forceps, forcipis, a pair of tongs; princeps, ipis, a prince or princess; particeps, -cipis, a partaker; so likewise cœlebs, cœlibis, an unmarried man or woman. The compounds of caput have cipitis; as, præceps, præcipitis, headlong; anceps, ancipitis, doubtful; biceps, -cipitis, twoheaded. Auceps, a fowler, has aucupis.

Exc. 4. The following feminines have dis: Frons, frondis, the leaf of a tree.

Glans, glandis, an acorn.

Juglans, -dis, a walnut.
Lens, lendis, a nit.

So libripens, libripendis, m. a weigher; nefrens, -dis, m. or f. a grice, or pig; and the compounds of cor; as, concor, concordis, agreeing; discors, disagreeing; vecors, mad, &c. But frons, the forehead, has frontis, fem. and lens, a kind of pulse, lentis, also fem.

Exc. 5. lens going, and quiens, being able, participles from the verbs eo and queo, with their compounds, have euntis: thus, iens, euntis; quiens, queuntis; rediens, redeuntis; nèquiens, nequeuntis; but ambiens, going round, has ambientis.

Exc. 6. Tiryns, a city in Greece, the birth-place of Hercules, has Tirynthis.

T.

15. There is only one noun in t, namely, căput, capitis, the head, neuter. In like manner, its compounds, sinciput, sincipitis, the forehead; and occiput, itis, the hind-head.

X.

16. Nouns in a are feminine, and in the genitive change a into cus; as.

vox, vocis, the voice; lux, lucis, light. So,

Appendix, -icis, an addition; Crux, crucis, a cross.

Nutrix, -icis, a nurse.

Nux, nŭcis, a nut.
Pax, -ácis, peace.
Pix, picis, pitch.

Radix, -icis, a root.

Sălix, -icis, a willow.

Vibix, or -ex, -icis, the mork of a wound.

Exc. 1. Polysyllables in ax and ex are masculine; as, thorax, -ācis, a breast-plate; Corax, -ăcis, a raven. Ex in the genitive is changed into icis; as, pollex, -icis, m. the thumb. So the following Apex, the tuft or tassel, on the top of a priest's cap, the cap itself, or the top of any thing. Artifex, an artist.

Carnifex, an executioner.
Caudex, the trunk of a tree.
Cimex, a bug.

nouns, also masculine:
Codex, a book.
Cŭlex, a gnat, a midgė.
Frutex, a shrub.
Index, an informer,
Latex, any liquor..

Murex, a shell-fish, purple.
Podex, the breech.

Pontifex, a chief priest.

Pūlex, a flea.

Råmex, a rupture.

Sōrex, a rat.

Vertex, the crown of the head.
Vortex, a whirlpool.

Vervex, a wedder sheep, has vervēcis; fænisex, a mower of hay, fænisěcis; rèsex, m. -ècis, a vine.

branch cut off.

But the following polysyllables in ax and ex are feminine :

Imbrex, -icis, a gutter, or roof tile.

Hálex, -ēcis, a herring.

Smilax, -ăcis, the herb rope-weed.

Cērex, -icis, a sedge.

Supellex, supellectilis, household furniture.

either masculine or feminine; as,

Ŏbex, -Ĭcis, a bolt or bar.
Perdix, -icis, a partridge.
Pūmex, -icis, a pumice-stone.
Rŭmex, -ĭcis, sorrel, an herb.
Sandix, -icis, a purple colour.

Lynx, -cis, an ounce, a beast of very quick sight. Silex, -icis, a flint.

Limax, -ācis, a mail.

Varix, icis, a swoln vein

F

OBS. 2. Nouns which have ium in the genitive plural, are, by the poets, often contracted into um, as, nocentûm for nocentium; and sometimes, to increase the number of syllables, a letter is inserted; as, cœlituum for cœlitum. The former of these is said to be done by the figure Syncope; and the latter by Epenthesis.

EXCEPTIONS IN THE DATIVE PLURAL.

Exc. 1. Greek nouns in a have commonly tis instead of tibus; as, poēma, a poem, poematis, rather than poematibus, from the old nominative poemătum of the second declension.

Exc. 2. The poets sometimes form the dative plural of Greek nouns in si, or when the next word begins with a vowel, in sin; as, Troăsi or Troăsin, for Troădibus, from Troas, Troadis, a Trojan woman.

EXCEPTIONS IN THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL.

Exc. 1. Nouns which have ium in the genitive plural make their accusative plural in es, eis, or is; as, partes, partium, acc. partes, parteis, or partis.

Exc. 2. If the accusative singular end in a, the accusative plural also ends in as ; as, lampas, lampadem, or lampada, lampades, or lampadas. So Tros, Troas; heros, heroas; Ethiops, Ethiopas, &c.

GREEK NOUNS THROUGH ALL THE CASES.

Lampas, a lamp, f. lampădis, or -ădos; -ădi; ădem, or -ăda; -as; -ăde: Plural, -ades ; -ădum; -ădibus; -ădes, or -ădas; -ădes; -adibus.

Troas, f. Troădis, or -ādos; -i; em or a; as; e: Pl. Troades, -um ; ìbus si or sin ; es or as; e8; ibus.

Tros, m. Trois; Troi; Troem or a; Tros; Troe, &c.

Phillis, f. Phillidis, or -dos; di; dem, or da; i or is; de.

Paris, m. Paridis, or -dos; di; dem, Parim, or in ; i; de.

Chlamys, f. Chlamydis, or -ýdos; ÿdi; ÿdem, or ÿda; ys; ÿde ; &c.

Căpys, m. Capyis, or -yos; yi; ym or yn; y; ye or y.

Mětamorphosis, f. -is or -eos; i; em or in ; i; i,

&c.

Orpheus, m. -eos; ëi or ei; ea; eu; abl. eo; of the second declension.
Dido, f. Didûs or Didōnis; Dido or Didoni, &c.

FOURTH DECLENSION.

Nouns of the fourth declension end in us and u.

Nouns in us are masculine; nouns in u are neuter, and indeclinable in the singular

number.

The terminations of the cases are: nom, sing. us; gen. ûs; dat. ui; acc. um ; voc. like the nom. Nom. acc. voc. plur. us or ua; gen. uum; dat. and abl. ibus. See examples, currus, a chariot; and cornu, a horn, page 10.

Exc. 1. The following nouns are feminine:

Acus, a needle.

Ănus, an old woman.

Domus, a house.

Ficus, a fig.

Mănus, the hand.
Pěnus, a store-house.

Porticus, a gallery.
Specus, a den.
Tribus, a tribe.

Penus and specus are sometimes masc. Ficus, penus, and domus, with several others, are also of the second declension. Capricornus, m. the sign Capricorn, although from cornu, is always of the second declension, and so are the compounds of manus; unimănus, having one hand; centimănus, &c. adjectives. Domus is but partly of the second declension; thus,

Sing

Domus, a house, feminine.

Nom. domus,
Gen. domûs, or -mi,

Dat. domui, or -mo,

Acc. domum,

Voc. domus,

Abl. domo;

Plur.

Nom. domus,

Gen. domorum, or -uum,

Dat. domibus,

Acc. domos, or -us,

Voc. domus,

Abl. domibus.

Note. Domus, in the genitive signifies, of a house; and domi, at home, or of home;

as, memineris domi. Terent. iv. 7. 45.