2. Ac si quis est tālis, quālēs esse omnēs oportebat, qui in 3 hōc ipsō, in quo exultat et triumphat ōrātiō mea, mē vehementer accuset, quod tam capitālem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam ēmīserim, nōn est ista mea culpa, Quirītēs, sed 5 temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravissimō supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque ā mē et mōs maiōrum et huius imperii sevēritās et rēs publica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis, qui, quae ego deferrem, nōn crederent, quam multos, qui etiam defenderent! Ac, si illō 10 sublātō dēpelli ā vōbis omne periculum iudicārem, iam pridem ego L Catilinam nōn modo invidiae meae, vērum etiam vitae

depending upon a word of 'emotion' or 'feeling' (laetari, 1. 22, and maerore, 1. 18), and explain the difference in the moods (A. 540; B. 286, 1; H. 588; H.-B. 555. 535, 2, a). foras: this so-called adverb and the related form foris are really plural cases of the obsolete forae, -arum, meaning probably 'openings;' foras (acc.) therefore answers the question 'whither?' and foris (loc.) the question 'where?'

Explain case of Catilinam (1), verbis (4), monstro moenibus (7), maerore (18), quam (21), mihi (22). Give the principal parts of erupit (5), vicimus (8), pertimescemus, motus est, depulsus est (11), geremus (12), perdidimus (13), extulit (15), extorsimus (16), perculsum (19).

First Part: Why Catiline was allowed to escape, $83-16: (1) To convince doubters that a conspiracy exists, §§3, 4.

2. 1, 2 qui ut is, introducing result clause (cf. I. 2. 27). in hoc ipso: 'in this very point.' Explained by the clause quod comprehenderim, 1. 3.

3, 4. comprehenderim: what mood should we expect? Why subjunctive here? Cf. 1. 22. potius quam emiserim: the mood is due not merely to the quod but to potius quam, which in Cicero is always followed by the subjunctive of the act to be avoided, with or (usually) without ut (see A. 571, a;

B. 284, 4; H. 570, 1; H.-B. 521, 2, c). non est ista: slightly elliptical; the real apodosis should be 'I reply that;' for a similar ellipsis see on I. 6. 33.

5. Interfectum esse: regular or irregular tense? See on I. 2. 12. et: 'that is,' the so-called 'explanatory' use of et to define a word or phrase by a more exact term. Here we would otherwise have an extreme instance of hysteron proteron, a reversal of the natural order of ideas.

6, 7. mos maiorum: see on I. 11. 13. huius imperii: for translation see on I. 5. 23. res publica: 'the public interests.' This phrase, as all contain ing res, must always be translate, according to the context. It seldom means 'republic,' usually 'nation,' 'constitution,' 'politics,' 'public life,' etc. postulabat: why singular?

8. quae deferrem: 'the facts which I laid before them for their information;' referre would mean 'lay before them for action' (I. 8. 18); deferrem is subj. by attraction; what attracts it?

9. crederent, defenderent: characteristic (cf. I. 2. 28); how else may the mood be accounted for? defenderent: 'tried to justify,' sc. ea quae deferrem, not Catilinam.

periculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, nē vōbis quidem 4 omnibus rē etiam tum probātā sī illum, ut erat meritus, morte multāssem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi nõn 15 possem, rem hūc dēdūxī, ut tum palam pugnāre possētis, cum Mostem apertē vidērētis. Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirītēs, quam vehementer forīs esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam illud moleste ferō, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnis sēcum suas cōpiās eduxisset! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetextā coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popīnā nullum rei publicae motum adferre poterat; reliquit quōs virōs, quantō aere aliēnō, quam valentis, quam nōbilīs!

3. Itaque ego illum exercitum prae Gallicānīs legiōnibus 5

1. 8; it is dat. of ind. obj.

13-15. re probata: 'as his guilt was not even then proved to you either.' si ... multassem fore ut

non possem: the sentence is thrown into the indirect form by cum viderem, the direct form being si multavero, non potero. The change of the protasis is perfectly regular and that of the apodosis is due to the lack of a supine stem in posse (A. 569, 3, a; B. 270, 3; H. 571, 1; 619, 2; H.-B. 472, c). huc: (= ad hoc) explained by the clause ut... possetis-to such a point that you could,' etc.

voice? Cf. meditati, I 10. 11. exierit: mood? See on 1. 22. omnis: acc. pl. Note the other ending in 1. 1.

20. eduxisset: what kind of wish is expressed by the pluperfect subj.? See on I. 9. 3. mihi: not to be translated (A. 380; B. 188, 2, b); H. 432; H.-B. 372). eduxit: 'He did take.' in praetexta: 'in boyhood.' The praetexta, or toga praetexta, had a purple border, and was worn by boys until about the seventeenth year, and by magistrates; the toga of the private citizen of full age was not dyed. Nothing more is known of the three men named here.

21. aes alienum: 'debt,' literally, 'other people's money.' The clause means that these men would not have been dangerous even if they had remained at Rome.

23. quos, quanto, quam: interrogative words used in exclamation (A. 333, note; H.-B. 228, 3).

Explain the subj., accuset (3), sustulissem, viderem (12), possem, possetis (15), videretis (16), putem (17).

(2) He and his army are less to be feared than his confederates in Rome, §§5, 6. 3. 1. illum exercitum: Catiline's. prae: 'in comparison with.' It gov

et hōc dīlēctū, quem in agrō Pīcēnō et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae à nobis cotidie comparantur, magnō opere contemnō collectum ex senibus dēspērātīs, ex agresti 5 lūxuriā, ex rūsticīs dēcoctōribus, ex iis, qui vadimōnia dēserere quam illum exercitum maluerunt; quibus ego non modo sī aciem exercitus nostrī, vērum etiam sī ēdictum praetōris ostenderō, concident. Hōs, quos videō volitāre in forō, quōs stāre ad curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, "o qui fulgent purpurā, māllem sēcum suōs mīlitēs ēduxisset; qui sī hic permanent, mementōte nōn tam exercitum illum esse nōbis quam hōs, qui exercitum deseruērunt, pertimēscendōs. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod, quid cogitent, mē

erns dilectu and copiis as well as legionibus. Gallicanis legionibus: a small standing army was kept in Gallia Cisalpina in view of possible danger from the Gauls, and to these troops Quintus Metellus (as praetor) was adding reinforcements by a fresh levy.

2. agro Piceno et Gallico: point out upon Map. The ager Gallicus is the district lying along the coast north of Picenum, and once held by the Galli Senones.

4. collectum: agrees with exercitum in 1. 1. senibus desperatis: the veterans of Sulla, of whom Sallust (Cat. 28) says: quibus lubido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerat. ex agresti luxuria: 'of boorish highlivers;' for this use of the abstract noun see on I. 13. 4, and give two examples.

5. vadimonia deserere, etc.: 'to desert their bonds [men] rather than, etc.' Vadimonium was a promise, secured by bail, to appear in court on a fixed day, and vadimonium deserere = 'to forfeit bail.' The plural is here accommodated to that of maluerunt.

-i.e., it will be sufficient simply to read
them the riot act, without resorting to
force. This, of course, is hyperbolical,
for Catiline's forces proved the following
spring at Pistoria that they could and
would fight. non modo . . verum
etiam: with these correlatives a weaker
expression may be followed by a
stronger (a+B), 'not only . . but also
or a stronger by a weaker (A+b),
'I do not say ...
but...
..' Which
here? video volitare: translate the
infinitive by a present participle, which
might have been used in the Latin (A.
497, d; B. 337, 3; H. 613, 4; H.-B.
605, 1). Volitare in these orations has
always a contemptuous force.

9-11. The use of perfumes and the wearing of colors in public excited the contempt of the sober-minded Romans. mallem: potential in mild statement I'd rather,' etc.; the tense retains its proper force (A. 447, 1, note; B. 280, 4; H. 556; H.-B. 518, b). eduxisset: see A. 565, note 1; 442, b; B. 296, 1, a; H. 555, 2; 614, 1; H.-B. 519, 1, c. suos milites: 'as his own corps,' in apposition to hos, 1. 8. qui si permanent: indicative here suggests an almost causal idea-since they remain.'

12. pertimescendos esse: The subjects are exercitum and hos.

13. hoc: abl. of cause.

scire sentiunt neque tamen permoventur. Video, cui sit 6 15 Āpūlia adtribūta, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Pīcēnum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi hās urbānās īnsidias caedis atque incendiōrum dēpoposcerit. Omnia superiōris noctis consilia ad mē perlāta esse sentiunt; patefēcī in senātū hesternō diē; Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit; hi quid expectant? Nē illī 20 vehementer errant, sĩ illam meam pristinam lēnitātem perpetuam spērant futūram.

4. Quod expectāvī, iam sum adsecutus, ut vōs omnēs factam esse apertē coniūrātiōnem contrā rem pūblicam vidērētis; nisi vērō si quis est, qui Catilinae similis cum Catilīnā sentire nōn putet. Non est iam lēnitātī locus; sevēritātem rēs ipsa flagitat. 5 Unum etiam nunc concēdam: exeant, proficiscantur, nē patiantur dēsīderiō suī Catilīnam miserum tābēscere. Dēmōn

14-17. cui sit: what kind of clause? Cf. those that follow-quis habeat, etc. quis... depoposcerit: Sallust (Cat. 43) gives the names of Lentulus, Bestia, Statilius, Gabinius and Cethegus as Catiline's agents in the city. superioris noctis: 'of that former night,' i.e., the night of the meeting at Laeca's (see on I. 4. 1). The report of Cicero's first oration had spread so widely through the city that his hearers would readily understand the allusion, and not take the words in their literal sense, 'night before last.'

18. patefeci hesterno die: see I.

4. 14 ff.

19, 20. Ne vehementer errant, etc.: 'truly they make a great mistake if, etc.' ne: interjection (not adv. or conj.); in classical prose it is always at the beginning of the sentence, and always followed by a personal or demonstrative pronoun.

Explain case of exercitum (1), agro (2), copiis, nobis (3), exercitum, quibus (6), hos, quos (8), se (10), nobis (12), hoc (13), sibi (16), die (18).

4. 1-3. Quod: explained by the clause ut... videretis, which is appositive

to id, omitted antecedent of quod and obj. of adsecutus; give example tiom §4. expectavi: 'have been waiting for,' not 'have expected;' the three perfects in these lines are 'definite' (A. 473; B. 257, 2; H. 537, 1; H.-B. 468, 4, footnote 2). aperte: modifies videretis, in spite of its position; cf. 2. 16. videretis: 'can now see.' The tense here follows the form rather than the actual time of the principal verb (A. 485; B. 268, 1; H. 546; H.-B. 476). nisi vero: the regular phrase to introduce an ironical exception (here to omnes, 1. 1); it always takes the indicative. nisi si: the addition of si to nisi gives the latter an adverbial force, 'unless, perhaps.' Catilinae: gen. or dat.? See on I. 2. 26. similis: for case cf. omnis, 2. 19.

5. Unum. . . concedam: 'make one concession.' Exeant: mood? (A. 439 and note 2; B. 275; H. 559, 2; H.-B. 501, 3; cf. secedant, I. 13. 12). So proficiscantur and patiantur.

6. sui: object. gen.: number? miserum: 'poor Catiline.'

His evil associates; our danger is from such men within the state, §§7-11.

strābō iter: Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. O fortūnātam rem publicam, si 7 quidem hanc sentinam urbis ēiēcerit! Unō mehercule Catilīnā 10 exhaustō levāta mihi et recreāta rēs pūblica vidētur. Quid enim malī aut sceleris fingī aut cōgitārī potest, quod non ille conceperit? quis tōtā Italiā veneficus, quis gladiātor, quis latrō, quis sīcārius, quis parricīda, quis testāmentōrum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepōs, quis adulter, quae 15 mulier înfāmis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus invenīri potest, qui se cum Catilīnā non familiarissimē vixisse fateātur? quae caedēs per hōsce annōs sine illō facta est, quod nefarium stuprum non per illum? Iam vērō quae 8 tanta umquam in ūllō iuventutis inlecebra fuit, quanta in illō? 20 qui aliōs ipse amābat turpissimē, aliōrum amōrī flāgitiōsissimē serviēbat, aliis fructum lubidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo inpellendō, vērum etiam adiuvando pollicēbātur. Nunc vērō quam subitō nōn sōlum ex urbe, vērum etiam ex agris ingentem numerum perditōrum hominum collegerat! 25 Nēmō nōn modo Romae, sed ullō in angulō tōtius Italiae

12. quis: What is the more usual adjective form?

14. nepos: 'spendthrift.'

16, 17. qui fateatur: characteristic (see on I. 2. 28); so in l. 3. per hosce annos: 'in all these years;' for the use of per and acc. where we should expect to find the abl. of 'time within which' see A. 424, a; B. 181, 2; H. 417, 1; H.-B. 387, II, a. hosce: for the form see on I. 13. 23.

22. non modo . . . verum etiam: see on 3. 6, and give the formula for this passage. Notice the accumulation of these correlatives in the next few lines. 23. Nunc vero: see above, 1. 18.

25, 26. Nemo non modo Romae, sed, etc.: 'there was no one, I don't say at Rome, but in, etc.' Nemo goes with both clauses. See on I. 10. 5. The formula for these correlatives is either a+B or A+b; which here?

Explain the subjunctives videretis (2), putet (4), conceperit (12), fateatur (17), asciverit (27); the case of desiderio (6), via (7), Catilina (9), mali (11), Italia (12), iuventutis (15), Romae (25).