After the senate adjourned Cicero addressed the people in the forum in what is known as the fourth Philippic, covering, more briefly, much the same ground as the third.

With this oration should be read Ep. 21.

1. Frequentia vestrum incredibilis, Quirītēs, contiōque tanta, 1 quantam meminisse non videor, et alacritatem mihi summam defendendae rei publicae adfert et spem recuperandae. Quamquam animus mihi quidem numquam dēfuit, tempora dēfuērunt, 5 quae simul ac prīmum aliquid lūcis ostendere visa sunt, princeps vestrae libertatis defendendae fui. Quod si id ante facere cōnātus essem, nunc facere non possem. Hodiernō enim diē, Quirītēs, nē mediocrem rem āctam arbitrēminī, fundāmenta iacta sunt reliquarum actiōnum. Nam est hostis ā senātū 10 nōndum verbō adpellatus, sed rē iam iudicātus Antonius. Nunc 2 vērō multō sum ērēctior, quod vōs quoque illum hostem esse

3. defendendae... . recuperandae: 'of defending the public welfare and of recovering what has been lost.' Possibly Cicero even yet clung to the hope of restoring the old republic. It is known that he approved the dictator's assassination, and he may still have thought the chance good of a reaction to the government of the fathers.

4. animus: 'courage.' tempora: the period of Caesar's ascendency, 46-44, and the troubled times that followed his assassination.

5. lucis: cf. M. L. 12. 22. princeps
defendendae: 'foremost in de-

...

fending.'

6. ante: the adverb; a premature attempt and resultant failure would have made later success impossible.

8. mediocrem: 'ordinary' Here, after the ne-clause, is the familiar ellipsis of dico. fundamenta: today's action of the senate will afford a basis for later efforts.

iudicatus:

'has

9, 10. hostis . . not yet been proclaimed a public enemy in word, but has been adjudged to be such in fact.' The senate had passed a vote of thanks to two legions, the Fourth and the Martian, which had deserted from Antony to Octavian, had approved the course of D. Brutus and Octavian (see introd. note), and had also nullified some of Antony's provincial appointments. While this did not amount to a formal proclamation of his outlawry it was significant of the senate's attitude. Antonius: The name is withheld till the end of the sentence, as is often done in nominating speeches today. Its utterance was followed by some demonstration on the part of the audience, as appears from the next sentence. erectior: 'encouraged.'

11-13. vos quoque: 'you, as well as the senate.' consensu: unanimity.' neque... ut non: One of the alternatives introduced by aut . . . aut cannot

tantō consensu tantoque clamōre adprobāvistis.

Neque enim, Quirītēs, fieri potest, ut non aut ii sint impii, qui contră cōnsulem exercitus conparāvērunt, aut ille hostis, contra quem 15 iūre arma sūmpta sunt. Hanc igitur dubitātiōnem, quamquam nulla erat, tamen në qua posset esse, senātus hodiernō die sustulit. C. Caesar, qui rem publicam libertatemque vestram suō studiō, cōnsiliō, patrimōniō dēnique tūtātus est et tūtātur, maximis senātūs laudibus ōrnātus est. Laudō, laudō vōs, 3 20 Quirītēs, quod grātissimīs animīs prōsequiminī nōmen clārissimi adulescentis vel pueri potius (sunt enim facta eius inmortālitātis, nōmen aetatis. Multa memini, multa audivi, multa lēgi, Quirītēs; nihil ex omnium saeculōrum memoriā tāle cognōvi), qui, cum servitute premerēmur, in diēs malum crēs25 ceret, praesidiī nihil habērēmus, capitālem et pestiferum ā Brundisio tum M. Antōni reditum timērēmus, hoc inspērātum omnibus consilium, incognitum certē ceperit, ut exercitum invictum ex paternis militibus conficeret Antōnique furōrem crūdēlissimis cōnsiliis incitātum à perniciē reī publicae averteret.

fail of being true-'either that those who have raised armies against the consul (Antony) are traitors, or that he (Antony) against whom arms have been taken up lawfully is a public enemy.' This is an example of dilemma (cf. 3. 20).

15. hanc dubitationem: as to which horn of the dilemma must be taken. With the sentence hanc sustulit cf. final sentence of I. 7.

17. C. Caesar: Octavius, grandson of Julia, sister of Julius Caesar, and adopted by the latter as his heir. On this adoption his name took the form C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, to which later was added the title of honor, Augustus. He is called in history Octavius, Octavianus and Augustus, and the Romans often used the name here met. Born in 63, the year of Cicero's consulship, he was now in his twentieth year. In spite of his youth he proved an able soldier and politician, and was supported by the partisans of his uncle, the Dictator.

19. laudo: the announcement of the honor done Octavian had been greeted with applause (cf. the demonstration, 1. 10, at mention of Antony).

21. pueri: designations of age-puer, iuvenis, adulescens-were not precise, though ordinarily one was not called puer after assuming the toga virilis, at 15 to 17. Cicero exaggerates a little for the sake of emphasis. sunt... aetatis: 'His deeds are deeds of immortality; he has only the name of youth.'

24-29. qui ceperit: a characteristic clause referring to a past act (A. 485, b, 2; B. 268, 6; H. 547, 1; H.-B. 470, 2; 521, 1), and so followed by secondary (historical) tenses in the four cumclauses and the two ut-clauses. a Brundisio... reditum: in October Antony had gone to Brundisium to take command of four veteran legions (2d, 4th, 35th and Martian) which had been recalled from Greece. The fear here spoken ofthat he would return with this force to

2. Quis est enim, qui hoc non intellegat, nisi Caesar exercitum 4 parāvisset, non sine exitio nostrō futurum Antōnī reditum fuisse? Ita enim sẽ recipiēbat ārdēns odio vestrī, cruentus sanguine cīvium Rōmānōrum, quōs Suessae, quōs Brundisi occiderat, 5 ut nihil nisi dē perniciē populi Rōmānī cōgitāret. Quod autem praesidium erat salūtis libertatisque vestrae, sī C. Caesaris fortissimōrum sui patris militum exercitus non fuisset? Cuius dē laudibus et honōribus, qui ei dīvīnīs et inmortalibus meritis dīvīnī inmortālēsque debentur, mihi senātus adsensus paulō 10 ante decrevit ut prīmō quoque tempore referretur. Quō dē-5 crētō quis non perspicit hostem esse Antonium iudicatum? Quem enim possumus appellare eum, contra quem qui exercitus dūcunt, iīs senātus arbitrātur singulārēs exquirendōs honōrēs? Quid? legiō Martia, quae mihi vidētur dīvīnitus ab eō deō 15 traxisse nōmen, à quō populum Rōmānum generātum accēpimus, non ipsa suis dēcrētīs prius quam senātus hostem iudicavit

Rome and crush his enemies-was not realized, partly because of the defection of two of the legions (see on 1. 9), partly because of Octavian's action in recruiting an opposing army of the veterans who had followed his uncle (paternis militibus, 1. 28).

We had no other defense, and Antony is so clearly a foe to his country that now his own legions are leaving him.

2. 2. futurum. . . fuisse: for fuisset of the direct form (A. 589, b, 1, 2; B. 321, A, 2, B; H. 647; H.-B. 581, b, 1).

3, 4. vestri: the regular objective form (IV. 9. 15). civium ... quoS ... occiderat: These were officers and soldiers whom he had put to death at Suessa Aurunca on his way or at Brundisium on his arrival, because of their insubordination to him.

5. ut .. cogitaret: result after ita, as in III. 9. 9; for the form of expression cf. I. 7. 23.

6. erat: see A. 517, b, note 1; B. 304, 3, a; H. 581, 1; H.-B. 581, e.

7-10. sui patris: This, like paternis,

1. 28, refers to his adopted father, Julius Caesar. de laudibus . . referretur: 'That the question of his honors be presented for action.' divini immortalesque: Note the repetition of the same adjectives with honores (through qui) as with meritis. debentur: The speaker's own comment, and so not affected by the tense of the principal verb. mihi adsensus: The motion (relatio) had been made by Cicero. paulo ante: 'a little while ago.' This speech was made shortly after the senate's adjournment. primo quoque: 'at the earliest possible time.' The use of quisque with a superlative is very common (e.g., optimo cuique, M. L. 1. 4).

12, 13. contra quem ... honores 'when the senate considers that peculiar honors should be devised for those who lead armies against him.' iis: referring especially to Octavian.

14. legio Martia: see on 1. 9, 26. eo deo: Mars, putative father of Romulus and Remus.

15, 16. accepimus: 'have received the tradition.' decretis: The legion's

Antonium? Nam, si ille nōn hostis, hōs, qui consulem reliquerunt, hostēs necesse est iūdicēmus. Praeclārē et locō, Quirītēs, reclāmātiōne vestră factum pulcherrimum Mārtiālium conprobā20 vistis; quī sē ad senātūs auctoritātem, ad libertatem vestram, ad universam rem publicam contulerunt, hostem illum et latrōnem et parricidam patriae reliquerunt. Nec solum id animōsē 6 et fortiter, sed considerātē etiam sapienterque fecerunt; Albae constiterunt, in urbe opportūnā, mūnītā, propinqua, fortissi25 mōrum virōrum, fidēlissimōrum civium atque optimōrum. Huius Martiae legiōnis legiō quārta imitāta virtutem duce L. Egnātulēiō, quem senātus meritō paulō ante laudāvit, C. Caesaris exercitum persecuta est.

3. Quae expectās, M. Antōnī, iudicia graviōra? Caesar fertur in caelum, qui contrā tē exercitum comparavit; laudantur exquisītissimis verbis legiōnēs, quae te reliquerunt, quae ā tē arcessitae sunt, quae essent, sī tē cōnsulem quam hostem 5 māluissēs, tuae; quarum legiōnum fortissimum vērissimumque

'decrees' took the form of actiondesertion from Antony to Octavian.

17. si ... hostis: sc. sit. For iudicemus see A. 569, 2, note 2; B. 295, 8; H. 564, II, 1; H.-B. 502, 3, c. Tr. If he be not an enemy we must deem those enemies who have deserted the consul.' consulem: Antony, as in 1. 13.

18, 19. loco: 'at the proper point.' reclamatione: found only here in classical Latin. It means a shout (yell) of disapproval, directed against Antony (cf. tanto clamore, 1. 12), and of course implying approval of the orator's point against him. Cicero knew how to play upon the feelings of his hearers and turn their applause to good account. Martialium: soldiers of the legio Martia.

21, 22. contulerunt: 'have devoted.' latronem, parricidam: The same terms are applied to Catiline and his followers, e.g., parricida, I. 12. 8; latrocinium, I. 13. 4.

23-25. Albae: not Alba Longa, but Alba Fucentia, a strongly fortified town about 60 miles northeast of Rome, near

the Fucine Lake. Antony had planned to concentrate his forces at Ariminum, but these two legions, instead of following the coast from Brundisium to that point, took the Via Minucia to Alba. propinqua: to Rome. virorum, civium: quality (A. 345; B. 203, 1; H. 440, 3; H.-B. 355). Note its use in COordination with adjectives (II. 10. 19).

27. Egnatuleio: a quaestor who led the legion in its desertion from Antony. paulo ante: as in 1. 9.

What severer judgment can be passed upon you, Antony? All who oppose you receive the thanks of the senate.

3. 1. M. Antoni: apostrophe, as Antony was not present.

3-5. quae te tuae: these relative clauses are practically co-ordinate in thought with the main verb, and take their mood and tense independently of it (A. 308, f; B. 251, 6; H. 510; H.-B. 569); essent, accordingly, is potential, apodosis to the contrary-to-fact condition si maluisses.