Evolutionary Biology, Volume 11

adaptive adaptive radiation advantageous alleles alterations ancestor arise artificial selection average become behavior biological birds bristle number cent Chapter character characteristics chromosome coefficient correlation deleterious depends developmental differentiation distribution diversity Dobzhansky dominant Drosophila ecological effect environment environmental enzyme epistasis epistatic equilibrium evidence evolutionary change evolved example extinction factors females Figure fitness flies fossil record function gametes gene flow gene frequency genetic change genetic drift genetic variation genome genotypes geographic habitats heterozygotes heterozygous homozygotes homozygous host human hybrid inbreeding increase individuals insects interactions kin selection less Lewontin linkage disequilibrium loci locus major males mammals mating Mayr mechanisms morphological mutation rates natural selection niche number of species occur offspring organisms overdominance patterns phenotype phylogenetic plants pollen polymorphic population predators probably protein random rate of evolution recombination reproductive isolation response sexual similar single speciation structure survival sympatric theory tion traits variance vary