FIGURES OF SPEECH

235. Anaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences: intus insidiae sunt, intus periculum est, intus est hostis, within are snares; within, the danger; within, the enemy; Cat. II. 5.

236. Antithesis is the placing of words in contrast or opposition: non aliēnīs praeceptis, sed suis imperiis, not by the precepts of others, but by his own command; P. 10.

237. Asyndeton is the omission of a connective: frīgus, sitim, famem ferre poterat, he could bear cold, thirst, hunger; Cat. III. 7.

238. Chiasmus. When two similar phrases have the order of words reversed, the figure is called chiasmus: pācis ōrnāmenta, subsidia belli; P. 2.

239. Climax ("ladder ") is a series of phrases or clauses arranged with increasing force: nihil agis, nihil mōlīris, nihil cōgitās, you do nothing, plan nothing, think of nothing; Cat. I. 3.

240. Hendiadys (" one through two ") is a figure in which two nouns of the same case are connected by a conjunction, when we should expect one noun to modify the other: declinātiōne et corpore, by a turning aside of the body; Cat. I. 6.

241. Irony is saying the opposite of what is meant, when the falsity is evident: credō, erit verendum mihi, I suppose I shall have to fear; Cat. I. 2.

242. Litotes is a negative statement used instead of the equivalent affirmative: non multa, few; Cat. I. 6.

243. Metaphor is an implied resemblance: sentīna rei püblicae, the dregs of the state; Cat. I. 5.

244. Metonymy is the use of one name for another suggested by it: duodecim secūrēs, for duo praetōrēs; see note P. 1. 402.

245. Polysyndeton is the repetition of a connective, as et, with several words or clauses: turpem et infirmam et abiectam, base and weak and downcast; Cat. IV. 10.

246. Preterition is a figure by which one pretends to omit what he really inserts and emphasizes: non dicam duo bella esse confecta, I will not say that two wars were ended; P. 20.

247. Zeugma is a connection of two words with a verb which strictly applies to only one of them: hic locus acervis corporum et sanguine redundāvit, this place was filled with heaps of bodies, and flowed with blood; Cat. III. 10.

66

ROMAN CALENDAR

248. The Roman year was designated by the names of the two consuls holding office for that year, as if we should say, during the presidency of Washington." The names were in the ablative case with consulibus, forming an ablative absolute: Lepidō et Tullo consulibus Cat. I. 6.

a. The Romans did not number the days of the month as we do, but called the first day the Calends (Kalendae), the fifth (seventh of March, May, July, and Oct.), the Nones (Nōnae), and the thirteenth (fifteenth of March, May, July, and October) the Ides (Idūs).

The days between the Calends and the Nones were reckoned as so many days each before the Nones; the days between the Nones and the Ides as so many days each before the Ides; the days after the Ides as so many days each before the Calends of the next month. But they counted both the day from which and the day to which they reckoned. Therefore, to determine a date falling before the Calends, add two to the number of days in the current month before subtracting the given ordinal.

Thus, the phrase ante diem duodecimum Kalendās Novembris means Oct. 21, for 31 +2 – 12 = 21.

b. A phrase like ante diem quintum Kal. Apr. is idiomatic, for which we should expect diès quintus (or diē quintō) ante Kal. Apr.

ROMAN NAMES OF PERSONS

249. It was customary for Romans to have three names: a praenomen (individual name), a nōmen (name of the gēns or tribe), and a cognōmen (family name): Mārcus Tullius Cicerō.

a. There were less than twenty praenomina, such as Gaius, Gnaeus, Marcus, Publius, etc. The nomen ended in -ius. The cognomen often originated as a nickname: Cicero, chickpea.

b. Women had no personal names, but were given the feminine form of the tribe name: Tullia, a daughter of Cicero.

LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION

BASED ON CICERO

Introductory Note. The following thirty lessons in prose composition are intended to furnish a general review of the principles of syntax, as found in the orations read. Questions, commands, conditions, and the independent uses of the subjunctive, are treated in the first seven lessons, because of their importance and early use in Cicero. Other topics are presented in the usual order of the grammars. The vocabulary, with few exceptions, is confined to the orations read. In the connected passages at the end of each lesson, the pupil should consult the text upon which it is based, rather than the general vocabulary. The references to grammars are explained on p. 181.

2. Alternative or double questions: 89; Bur. 372; A. 334; B. 162, 4; G. 458; H. 380, 1; HB. 234.

3. Answers 91; Bur. 370; A. 336; B. 162, 5; G. 471; H. 379; HB. 232.

4. Word order: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351; G. 684; H. 685; HB. 630.

1 See Grammatical Appendix.

Note 1.-The connectives in double questions may be:

Note 2.- In the second member or not is expressed by annōn, or necne. The latter is used rarely in direct questions, but often in indirect.

Exercise 1 (Cat. I. Chapters 1, 2)

1. Who delivered the orations against Catiline? 2. Where was the first oration delivered? 3. How-many orations were delivered against the same conspirators? 4. Into what strongly-fortified place were the senators called together? 5. Why were all good citizens afraid? 6. Have you not heard the decree of the Senate and the plan of the consul? 7. Will the number of the enemy increase? 8. Does not the consul condemn himself for (of)1 inactivity? He does (he condemns). 9. Patriots will not plot the ruin of the republic, will they? 10. Do we seem to be doing enough for the republic, or not? 11. By whom was Gaius Gracchus killed? 12. Gaius Gracchus was the son of Cornelia, was he not? 13. Were the Gracchi patriots, or did they desire to devastate Italy with fire and sword (slaughter)? 14. Will Catiline see the eyes of many who are watching him? No (he will not see). 15. To whom shall we intrust [the welfare of] 1 the republic?

Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 1, 2)

Catiline has too long abused the patience of the people. His boldness has been unbridled. But he will not carry out (perficio) his designs, if the consul does (fut. tense) his duty by (enough for) the republic. For the Senate has intrusted to Cicero [the welfare of] the republic. Once

1 Words in parentheses () are explanatory or to be used in translation; words in brackets [ ] are not to be translated.

citizens were put to death because of a suspicion of insurrection. And so the consul has ordered (iubeō) Catiline to be arrested, and will do what ought (oportet) to be done.

LESSON II

Commands

1. The imperative: 207; Bur. 931; A. 448; B. 281; G. 266; H. 560; HB. 495.

2. The subjunctive of command: 187, b; Bur. 768; A. 439; B. 275; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 501.

3. Negative command (prohibition): 208; Bur. 934; A. 450; B. 276; G. 271; H. 561; HB. 501. 4. The vocative: 96; 201; H. 402; HB. 400.

Bur. 398; A. 340; B. 171; G.

Note 1.- Dic, duc, and fac are used for dice, dūce, face. Note 2. - In commands of the third person, the negative is nē. Compare the following:

Positive

2 pers. scribe, scribite, write.

3 pers. scribat, let him write.

Negative

nōli (nōlite) scribere, do not write.

në scribat, let him not write.

scribant, let them write. ne scribant, let them not write.

Note 3.- Distinguish between let used in translating the subjunctive of command and let meaning allow, which requires a separate Latin word: sine (let, allow) eōs scribere.

Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 3, 4)

1. Send two Roman knights to the consul before daybreak (light). 2. Call all patriots together and encourage them. 3. Fortify and strengthen your homes, citizens, with stronger (greater) guards. 4. Let them not condemn the consul tor (of) inactivity. 5. Let Catiline be arrested and put to death. 6. Let all good men say [that] it was done too late. 7. Marcus Tullius, will you allow (patior) the enemies of the republic to live? 8. Don't change your mind.