PART SECOND.

INTRODUCTION.

THE Exercises given in Part I. have been chosen chiefly to illustrate the constructions of Latin syntax, and the proper words and phrases have been given in a special Vocabulary. In those which are to follow, the student is expected to make the selection of words and phrases for himself, and must rely on his general knowledge of the language, or on a general Lexicon. An English-Latin lexicon should, however, be used only for the suggestion of words which do not occur to the mind from a knowledge of the language. The real guide should be the Latin Lexicon, in connection with passages cited in it, or else remembered.

A few points should be put clearly before the mind at starting.

I. CHOICE OF THE WORD OR PHRASE.

Single words, in all languages, commonly express not single ideas, but groups of ideas. They cover, as it were, not points, but surfaces. The surface thus covered by parallel words is very often quite different in different languages. Words do not coincide, but only partly overlap; and hardly any word in one language is exactly equivalent in meaning to the apparently corresponding word in another. Thus the English BOLD and BOLDNESS correspond most nearly to the Latin audax and audacia; but these often have an idea of blame, which is not in the English words: homo

audax is a man bad as well as bold. On the other hand, the verb TO LIE in English implies a moral offence, while the corresponding Latin mentior conveys no such opprobrium, though it may be conveyed by the context. The word LAW answers most nearly to lex, which, however, is limited to written or statute law; so that the abstract expression THE LAW (including common law) would have to be rendered by jura atque leges, or some similar phrase.

Besides this difference in the original meaning of words, their derived or figurative meanings are often very widely different. Thus the English noun FORM may mean things so different as shape (figura), manner (modus), vain show (simulatio), ceremony (ritus), a bench at school (scamnum), or a hare's bed (latibulum). The adjective RIGHT may be aequus (a right decision), aptus (a right selection), or dexter (on the right hand). The verb TO RAISE may be tollo, levo (to lift), augeo (as of wages), struo (of buildings), cico, moveo (to raise pity, &c.), conscribo (of troops), colo (of grain and fruits). On the other hand, the Latin TOLLO may mean to lift, exalt, take away, weigh (anchor), destroy; SIGNUM is a mark or sign, signal, standard, statue, constellation; GRAVIS is heavy, weighty (dignified or influential), burdensome, offensive, sickly.

This difference is especially to be noted in the case of English words derived from Latin. The apparent likeness, in such cases, is one of the commonest sources of error. Usually the corresponding Latin words are much the more energetic and forcible, since they are the growth of roots still living and vigorous in the language. Thus the Latin LABOR is toil or hardship; DEPRIMERE (“depress”), to sink, as a ship in battle; OPPRIMERE (" oppress "), to overwhelm, or smother; SUPPRIMERE ("suppress "), to trample down. The judicious selection of a Latin term will thus frequently restore to life a dead or fated metaphor; while a vague or general term such as is often given in English by a Latin derivative may require to be rendered in Latin by some qualifying phrase.

Hence, in translating into Latin, —