REMARK. In all the above examples the verb is transitive in English, but not really so in Latin. In deciding on the case to be used as the object of any given verb, the following points are to be observed:

a. The Accusative, as the case of Direct Object, is far more general in its use than either of the others; and may be assumed to represent the English Objective, except as limited by the special rules which follow.

b. The Dative is to be used, along with the Accusative, wherever in English two object-cases follow, with one of which we may use the preposition To or FOR (except after verbs of Asking and Teaching, which take two accusatives): as,

1. He gave me the book

librum dedit.

=

- he gave the book to me), mihi

2. I promise you a fig, tibi ficum promitto. But3. He asked me for money, pecuniam me rogavit.

4. Plato taught his scholars geometry, Plato discipulos suos geometriam docuit.

The Dative is also to be used after the verbs (apparently transitive) given in the lists in § 51, 2. a, b, d, e. These sub-sections, with the accompanying examples and remarks, must be attentively studied; as an accurate knowledge of these classes of verbs is absolutely essential to the correct use of the language in one of the commonest constructions in Latin.

c. Verbs governing the Genitive in Latin are few, and belong to the strictly limited classes given in the sub-sections under § 50, 4. They are chiefly verbs of Memory and Feeling (with egeo, indigeo, need). The genitive of Charge and Penalty corresponds with the English use of the preposition OF.

d. The only verbs governing the Ablative in Latin, corresponding to transitives in English, are the few deponents given in § 54, 6. d. Either of them may easily be represented in English by a phrase with a preposition: as,

1. I use (make use of) a sword, gladio utor.

2. He eats (feeds on) flesh, carne vescitur.

3. They abuse (take advantage of) my friendship, amicitia mea abutuntur.

Exercise 9.

1. In our own calamity, we remember the calamities of others. 2. I shall never forget that day: it reminds me at-once1 of the greatest delight and1 greatest peril of 2 my life. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man. 4. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, had-pity-on the condition of his son-in-law, Jugurtha, king of Numidia, and promised him aid; but afterwards, callingto-mind the greater power of the Romans, betrayed him to Sulla, the quæstor of Caius Marius. 5. The Italians loudly demanded the rights which had been promised them by Drusus. 6. Cæsar forgave all those who had fought on the side of Pompey in the civil war. 7. Marius commanded a separate army in the neighborhood. 8. If a patrician man married a plebeian wife, or a patrician woman a plebeian husband, the State did not recognize the marriage. 9. Dentatus had accompanied the triumphs of nine generals. As tribune of the people, he most bitterly opposed the patricians. 10. The Knights abused the judicial power, as the Senate had done before. II. He who commands the sea is lord of affairs. After the Mithridatic war, Pompey, [though] only a private-citizen, performed the part of a commander, levied three legions, and having gained a brilliant victory was received by Sulla with the greatest distinction. 13. Marcus Livius Drusus, like his father, favored the side of the nobles. But he had promised the Latins and allies the Roman franchise, a measure which had always displeased the Roman people, and which they violently resisted. Drusus, therefore, had recourse to sedition and conspiracy. A secret-society

3

1 cum...tum. 2 in. memor,

4

with gen. Abl. abs. Passive.

12.

was formed, which was bound by oath to obey 1 his commands. The ferment increased, and threatened the safety of the State; but at last Drusus was assassinated in his own house.2

1. REVIEW § 50, 3. b, c, d (Genitive with Adjectives); 51, 6 (Dative of Fitness, &c.); 54, 1. c, 2. a, 3. a, 6. c, 9. 10. with a (various uses of the Ablative).

N. B. These rules include many participles, which are used like adjectives.

2. Adjectives in English almost always require phrases with prepositions when their meaning is to be limited or explained. In Latin this is generally done by using after the adjective the Genitive, Dative, or Ablative case without a preposition.

NOTE. Some particular adjectives rather than classestake a preposition, as in English. These will be treated hereafter, in the Lesson on Prepositions (see § 51, 6. a, b).

a. Relative Adjectives — that is, adjectives whose quality naturally relates to some object, especially one which corresponds to the object of a transitive verb-regularly take the Genitive. This relation is often expressed in English by the preposition OF: as, 1. Mindful of others, forgetful of himself, memor aliorum oblitus sui.

2. Disdaining letters, fastidiosus literarum.

3. Possessed of reason and judgment, compos rationis et judicii.

4. Sharing in the booty, particeps praedae.

See also examples under § 50, 3. b, c.

b. Where the relation between the adjective and noun would be expressed in English by the preposition To or FOR, it is commonly expressed in Latin by the Dative. The chief exceptions are given in § 51, 6. a, b, c, d. (See constructions given in the Dictionary under each word.)

1. A battle very like a flight, pugna simillima fugae. 2. A man hateful to many, homo odiosus multis.

3. Times hostile to virtue, tempora infesta virtuti.

4. Adjoining the Belgians, finitimi Belgis.

5. A law advantageous to the state, lex utilis rei publicae.

c. When the modifying phrase denotes that in respect to which the meaning of the adjective is taken where the English uses IN, IN REGARD TO, or the like; sometimes OF generally used in Latin: as,

1. Lame of one foot, claudus altero pede.

the Ablative is

2. A man distinguished in war, vir bello egregius.

3. Worthy of praise, dignus laude.

NOTE. In this use the Ablative and Genitive approach each other in meaning; but the Ablative generally expresses a remoter and the Genitive a closer relation. The same relation is often expressed by the Accusative with ad.

Exercise 10.

1. Oil rubbed-upon1 the body makes it more capable of enduring heat, cold, or hardship. 2. Numa instituted a college of priests, four in number. 3. The fifth king of Rome was an Etruscan by birth, but a Greek by descent. 4. The reign of Servius Tullius is almost as barren of military exploits as that of Numa. 5. Wild beasts are not only devoid of reason and speech, but ungovernable 2 in fury, and impatient of control. 6. A Roman patrician had a-number-of 3 clients attached to him, to whom he acted as patron. 1 inunctus, with the dative. 2 impotens, with genitive.

1

7. Mucius, ignorant of the person 1 of Porsena, killed his secretary instead-of the king himself. 8. Veii was closely allied with Fidena. 9. The Pentri inhabited the Apennines. But, not content with their mountain homes,2 they overran the rich lands of Campania. 10. The season of the year was favorable to Hasdrubal, and the Gauls were-friendly-to his cause. II. The Roman ambassadors, forgetting their sacred character, fought in the ranks of Clusium. 12. At the beginning of the first Punic war, the Romans had no fleet worthy of the name.5 13. Porsena, alarmed for his life, offered terms of peace to the Romans. 14. Cneius Pompey was extremely ambitious of power and glory, and jealous of the superior merit and fame. of other men. 15. The Romans were like the Spartans in 6 [their] passion for military glory and empire. 16. The poet Archias, a man endowed with genius and virtue, was regarded by Cicero [as] equal to the most learned of the Greeks, and worthy of the high. est praise.8

REVIEW § 51, 1. 2. with a, b, d; 3. 5. 7 (Dative of Indirect Object, of Possession, of Service, of Reference); also § 50, 4. d (refert and interest).

a. The most common use of To or FOR in English is represented in Latin by the Dative of Indirect Object: as,

1. The province fell by lot to Cicero, provincia Ciceroni obtigit.