scorn over his brother's wall. 7. Romulus appeared after [his] death to Proculus in more-than-mortal 1 beauty. 8. Augustus lived with republican simplicity 2 in a plain house on the Palatine [hill], and educated his family with great strictness and frugality. 9. Vitellius was remarkable for his gluttony 5 and his coarse vices. 10. Demosthenes listened awhile to the bland professions of Archias, the actor, but at length replied, Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will you now by your promises." II. Columbus entered the hall surrounded by a brilliant crowd of cavaliers, among whom he was conspicuous for his stately and commanding person.7 12. To the English it was a night of hope, fear, suspense, [and] anxiety. They had been wasted by disease, broken with fatigue, and weakened by the many privations which are wont to attend9 an army marching through a hostile country. But they were supported by the spirit and confidence of their gallant leader, and by the recollection of victories won by their fathers. 13. The forests have given place to cultivated fields, the morass is dried up, the land has become solid, and is covered with habitations. A countless multitude, living in 10 peace and abundance upon the fruits of their labors, has succeeded to the tribes of hunters who were always contending with war and famine. What has produced these wonders? What has renovated the surface of the earth? The name of this beneficent

1 divinus. 2 cultus moderatus (abl.). 8 minime sumptuosus.

4 Adverbs.

5

intemperantia gulae.

7 habitus corporis. plena.

11 dea.

Lesson 14.

- 5. Separation and Comparison.

LEARN § 54, I. with a, b, c, d (ablative of Separation); § 51, 2. e (dative with Compounds); § 54, 5. with a; 6. e (ablative of Comparison and Degree of Difference).

a. The relations denoted in English by FROM or OF -in such phrases as to deprive of, to be free from, in want of, and the like are in Latin expressed by the ablative: as,

1. He is free from terror, caret formidine.

2. To retire from office, abire magistratu.

3. A city stripped of defence, urbs nuda praesidio.

4. A man without a country, homo qui caret patria.

5. You will relieve me of great fear, magno me metu liberabis.

N. B. Motion from a place is regularly expressed by means of prepositions (see Lesson 17).

b. When a thing is said to be taken away from a person, the dative is almost always used instead of the ablative: as,

1. He took a ring from the woman, mulieri anulum detraxit.

2. You have robbed me of my property, bona mihi abstulisti.

c. The uses of the ablative with the Comparative may be seen in the following:

1. Nothing is dearer to a man than life, nihil homini vita est carius.

2. Quicker than one would think, opinione celerius.

3. Much more rich than wise, multo divitior quam sapi

entior.

4. The more dangerous the disease the more praised the physician, quo periculosior morbus eo laudatior medicus.

5. The more virtuously one lives, the less he will injure others, quanto quis vivit honestius tanto minus nocebit aliis.

6. Not more than two hundred horsemen escaped, haud amplius ducenti equites effugerunt.

Exercise 13.

1. The orator Hortensius was eight years older than Cicero. 2. Licinius liberated the plebeians1 from an oppressive bondage. 3. Rome was now deprived of almost all her allies. 4. The constitution 2 of Lucius Cornelius took from the knights the judicialpower 3 which they had exercised since the times of the Gracchi. 5. Men are much less in bulk than very many animals. 6. Grief and indignation deprived Marius of utterance.1 7. Antisthenes, the Cynic, was once very sick,5 and cried out, "Who will deliver me from these torments? "6 Then said Diogenes, who by chance was by, "This knife, if you will." "I do not say from my life," he replied, "but from my disease." 8. The archbishop tore the diadem from the head of the statue, and the image, thus despoiled of its honors, was thrown upon the ground. 9. The aged Nestor boasts his virtues, nor seems to be too loquacious; for his speech, says Homer, flowed from his tongue sweeter than honey. 10. Hesiod was robbed of a fair share of his heritage by the unrighteous decision of judges who had been bribed by his brother Perses. The latter was afterwards deprived of his property, and asked relief of his brother. 11. Alcaeus, for instance, cheered by his songs the nobles who had been driven into-exile." 12. After the expulsion of the kings,10 a new office was created at Rome, called the dictatorship, greater than the consulship. This dignity, however, was discontinued after the second Punic war.

The stronger

3 judicium.

7 ille.

10 post reges exactos.

the Republic became, the less it needed this extraordinary power. But in the civil war it was revived by order of the people, and conferred upon Sulla, who afterwards resigned it and became a private citizen.

LEARN

Lesson 15.

-6. Special Uses of the Genitive.

50, 2. with Remarks 1. 2. 3 (Partitive genitive); 3. a (Objective genitive with nouns).

a. When in English one noun is closely connected with another by a preposition, the genitive is commonly used in Latin, no matter what the preposition is in English (objective Genitive: see examples under § 50, 3. a): as,

1. Prayer to the gods, precatio deorum.

2. Escape from danger, fuga periculi.

3. Power over every thing, potestas omnium rerum.

4. Pain in the head, dolor capitis.

5. Confidence in one's strength, fiducia virium.

6. Departure from life, excessus vitae.

7. Subject for jests, materia jocorum.

8. Struggle for office, contentio honorum.

9. Relief from duty, vacatio muneris.

10. Difference in politics, rei publicae dissensio. II. Reputation for valor, opinio virtutis.

12. Union with Cæsar, conjunctio Caesaris.

13. Victory in war, victoria belli.

14. Devotion to us, studium nostri.

15. Grief for his son, luctus filii.

16. A means of guarding against troubles, cautio incommodorum.

NOTE.

Nouns which denote feeling often take the accusative with in, erga, adversus, ad, instead of an objective genitive. Prepositions are also used when the relation is very remote. (See examples under § 50, 3. d).

b. Wherever the relation expressed by a noun with a preposition (especially OF) can be viewed as a quality of the modified noun, the Latin prefers to use an adjective: just as in English we say, the Boston massacre; the Jackson administration; the Socratic philosophy; the touch of the royal hand, &c. (compare examples in Lesson 5). Thus

1. The shout of the enemy, clamor hostilis.

2. Jealousy of the Senate, invidia senatoria.

3. Confidence in you, fiducia tua (more commonly tui).

4. The Cyrus of Xenophon, Cyrus Xenophonteus.

c. Where a word denoting a whole is used with another denoting a part (English OF, IN, AMONG), it is regularly put in the genitive. (But notice carefully the Remarks on page 116 of the Grammar.) The peculiarities of the construction are seen in the following idiomatic phrases:

1. Enough money, satis pecuniae.

2. More learning than wisdom, plus doctrinae quam prudentiae.

3. One of a thousand, unus de multis.

4. Alone of all, solus ex omnibus (or omnium).

5. At that age, id aetatis.

6. Nowhere in the world, nusquam gentium.

7. Of the two consuls one was killed and the other wounded, duo consules alter est interfectus alter vulneratus.

1

Exercise 14.

1. On his way to prison Phocion suffered some 2 gross insults from the populace with-meekness and dignity.5 2. Two wives of the German king, Ariovistus, perished; of their daughters, one was slain, another captured. 3. We have not yet discussed the principal wages of virtue and the greatest of the prizes that are held out to it. 4. From his boyhood the Roman soldier was schooled to 8 habitual9 indiffer