English, are in Latin to be rendered by a clause of Result with quam ut following a Comparative: as, Cæsar was too merciful to punish his adversaries, clementior erat Caesar quam ut inimicos puniret. Exercise 25. 2 1. On the reedy margin of the lake stood here and there some monuments; tombs, it was said,1 of ancient Assyrian kings. As the royal galley, which Alexander steered himself, passed near one of them,2 a sudden gust of wind carried away his cap into the water, and lodged' the light diadem which circled it on one of the reeds which grew out of the tomb. One of the soldiers immediately swam out to recover it; and, to keep it dry, placed it on his own head. Alexander rewarded him with a talent; but at the same time ordered him to be flogged for the thoughtlessness with which he had assumed the ensign of royalty. The diviners, it is said, took the matter more seriously, and advised the king to inflict death on the offender,5 in order to avert the omen. 3 2. Socrates recommends to Alcibiades, in order that he might have a model for his devotions, a short prayer which a Greek poet composed for the use of his friend in-the-following-words: 6" O Jupiter! give us those things which are good for us, whether they are such things as we pray for or such things as we do not pray for; and remove from us those things which are hurtful, though they are such things as we pray for." 3. Polybius also learned the Roman tongue, and attained to that knowledge of their laws, their rights, their customs and antiquities, that few of their own 3 Subjunctive. 1 dicebant. ▾ demitto. citizens understood them better. So that he taught the noblemen of Rome their own municipal laws; and was accounted more skilful in them than Fabius Pictor, a man of the senatorial order, who wrote the transactions of the Punic wars. He who neglected none of the laws of history was so careful of truth that he made it his whole business to deliver nothing to posterity which might deceive them; and by that diligence and exactness may be known to be studious of truth and a lover of it. 4. The Pompeians were too much dispirited to make any resistance. Shivered once more at the first onset, they poured in broken masses over hill and plain. But Cæsar was not yet satisfied. Allowing a part of his troops only to return to the camp, he led four legions in hot pursuit by a shorter and better road, and drew them up at a distance of six miles from the field of battle. READ carefully §§ 59, 60, 61, including all the subsections, and committing to memory the types of conditional expressions on page 167. a. The learner should notice carefully the precise nature of the condition which he wishes to render into Latin, because the use of the tenses in English is not uniform. Thus, "If he is alive now is a present condition, to be expressed in Latin by the Present Indicative; "If he is alive next year " is a future condition, and would be expressed by the Future Indicative. "If he were here now " is a present condition contrary to fact, and would be expressed by the Imperfect Subjunctive; "If he were to see me thus" is a future condition, to be expressed by the Present Subjunctive. b. In cases where the Condition is omitted, it must be mentally supplied in order to determine the form of the condition. c. The conditional phrases of Comparison, as if, as though, require in Latin the present and perfect subjunctive, not the imperfect and pluperfect, as in English (see Remark under § 61, 1). d. For the Concessive expressions, although, granting that, even if, which require idiomatic constructions in Latin, see § 61, 2. For Provisos provided that, only let, &c. see § 61, 3. Exercise 26. 1. Among the savages, to display undaunted fortitude in torments is the noblest triumph of a warrior. To avoid the trial by a voluntary death is deemed infamous and cowardly. If any one betrays symptoms of timidity, they often despatch him at once with contempt, as unworthy of-being-treated 1 like a man. 2. If we see a friend in distress, and give him all the consolation we are able, we perform the duties of friendship, which pays more attention to the disposition of the heart than to the value of the gift. A small present may be the testimony of a great love. There is no good I do not wish you, and this is all I can offer toward it. I wish this little treatise may be of use to you. If it should not answer my hopes, I shall, however, be secure of pardon from your friendship. 3. I am come to inform 2 you of a secret you must impart to Pausanias alone. From remote antiquity, I am of Grecian lineage. I am solicitous for the safety of Greece. Long since, but for the auguries, would Mardonius have given battle. Regarding these no longer, he will attack you early in the morning. Be prepared. If he change his purpose, remain as you He has provisions only for a few days more. are. 1 See § 65, 2. f. * See § 58, 10. a. Should the event of the war prove favorable, you will but deem it fitting to make some effort for the independence of one who exposes himself to so great peril for the purpose of apprising you of the intentions of the foe. I am Alexander of Macedon. 4. After a short interval, Charles, turning to Philip, who stood awaiting his commands, thus addressed him: "If the vast possessions which are now bestowed on you had come by inheritance, there would be abundant cause for gratitude. How much more, when they come as a free gift in the life-time of your father! But however large the debt,1I shall consider it all repaid if you only discharge your duty to your subjects. So rule over them that men shall commend and not censure me for the part I am now acting." 5. We are here as in a theatre, where every one has a part allotted to him. The great duty which lies upon a man is to act his part in perfection. We may 2 indeed say that our part does not suit us, and that we could act another better. But this is not our business. All that we are concerned in is to excel in the3 part which is given us. If it be an improper one, the fault is not in us, but in Him who has cast our several parts, and is the great disposer of the drama. 1 beneficium. 2 possumus. 8 Plural. Lesson 28. Substantive Clauses. 1. READ carefully § 70, with Remark; 1, 2, 3. with a, b, c, d, e, f (substantive clauses of Purpose); 4. with a, b, c, d, g, h (clauses of Result); 5. with b (clauses with quod). Compare § 57, 8. b, c, d, and notice the general schedule of substantive clauses on page 249. 2. In English, one action depending upon another is in almost any case expressed indiscriminately by THAT or by the Infinitive. In Latin the form of expression will depend on the meaning of the dependent words or clause. This meaning can usually be determined by the following Rules: a. If the words can be put in an independent form as the words of some person in the Indicative, it is Indirect Discourse, and requires the Accusative with the Infinitive (see examples in § 70, 2). b. If they can be put in an independent form as a Question, they require the Subjunctive as Indirect Questions (see examples in § 67, 2). C. If they can be put in an independent form as the words of some person in the Imperative, or can be conceived as a Result, they require the Subjunctive. The Infinitive is used in many expressions of this class, either optionally or exclusively (see examples in § 70, 3, 4). d. If they could be expressed independently in the Indicative, but as a fact, and not as the words of some other person, they regularly require quod with the Indicative (see examples in § 70, 5). e. An English noun must often be rendered by a substantive clause, on account of the scarcity of abstract terms in Latin, or the want of a corresponding idiom. Thus 1. He was accused of treason against his country, accusatus est quod patriam prodidisset. 2. A value beyond all estimation, pretium majus quam ut aestimetur. f. In English a real substantive clause is often introduced by the common expression FOR with the Infinitive; and is usually rendered in Latin by the Accusative and Infinitive: ut with the subjunctive is more rare. The meaning of the particular expression must be carefully noticed. Thus |