Exercise 2.

1. Catulus in the Senate, and Cato in the forum, hailed Cicero [as] the father of his country. 2. Cicero calls Athens the inventress of arts. 3. The army of Hannibal lived luxuriously at Capua, a beautiful city of Campania. 4. We avoid death as-if a dissolution of nature. shipped the dog and cat [as] gods. 6. The swallow, harbinger of Spring, had now appeared. 7. Marcus Manlius, the preserver of the capitol, came forward [as] the patron of the poor. 8. The censors, Crassus and Mænius, created two new tribes, the Ufentine and Falerián. 9. Quintus and I2 shall set sail to-morrow; you and Tiro will wait [for] us in the harbor. 10. Honor and shame from no condition rise. 11. To II. you, [my] son Marcus, belongs the inheritance of my glory and the imitation of my deeds. 12. Never is danger overcome without danger, as they say. 13. The exigency of the occasion3 demands severity. 14. The mad-scheme of Saturninus and the discredit of Marius gave-new-strength to the Senate.

5. Many ancient peoples wor

3

1 See § 46, 2. b

4

3 Two words with et.

Rules of Agreement.-3. Adjectives.

1. LEARN § 47 (the general rule of agreement); also sub-sections 1 and 2, with a, b.

the

NOTE. As adjectives are not inflected at all in English, beginner is required to pay constant attention to the rule. The only special difficulties likely to arise are when the same adjective belongs to two nouns, especially when these are of different genders. As to these, the principles stated in 2, with a and b, will in general be a sufficient guide.

2. The participial forms in the compound tenses, as well as other participles, are treated in construction as adjectives: as,

1. Cæsar and Bibulus were elected consuls, Caesar et Bibulus consules creati sunt.

2. Tullia is dead (or died), Tullia mortua est.

3. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est. 4. Virginius and his daughter were left alone before the judgment-seat, Virginius et filia ejus soli ante tribunal relicti sunt.

5. The wife and little son of Regulus embraced him as he departed, Regulum discedentem uxor et parvus filius amplexi sunt.

Exercise 3.

1. Brutus, the deliverer of his country, and Collatinus the husband of Lucretia, were chosen first consuls at Rome. 2. Disunion and distrust were created among the allies by the Julian law. 3. Herculaneum and Pompeii1 have been preserved to our times. 4. The entire Senate and Roman people went out to meet 2 Cicero on his return from exile. 5. All sensible [people] had become alarmed at the mad-conduct of Saturninus. 6. Valerius commanding the foot, and Brutus being appointed to head the cavalry, went out to meet Tarquin on3 the Roman borders. 7. My uncle and myself, having returned to Misenum, passed an anxious and doubtful night. 8. Manlius during-hisabsence had been elected consul a second time. 9. Pompey, having marched into Syria, deposed Antiochus, and made the country a [Roman] province. 10. The conspiracy against Caesar's life was set-onfoot by Caius Cassius Longinus, an enemy [of] his.

1 Supply urbes in apposition.

2 Obviam with dative, following egredi.

3 Lesson 17, h. Rem.
4 absens.

II. Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona.1 12. You have before your eyes Catiline, the most audacious of men. 13. Aurora opens the purple doors and the courts full of roses. 14. A boar is often held by a small dog. 15. The wall was common to both houses, and was cleft by a narrow chink. 16. Lepidus [was] defeated near the Mulvian bridge by Catulus [and] sailed with the remainder of his forces to Sardinia.

1 Dative.

4

2 non magnus. 3 Genitive. • Ablative.

Lesson 5.

Adjectives: Special Uses.

1. REVIEW § 47. Learn 3, 4 (adjectives used as nouns), with 6, 8, 9.

Under these heads occur many common phrases, in which the Latin usage must be carefully distinguished from the English: as,

I. I saw Scipio in his lifetime, Scipionem vivum vidi.

2. He came against his will, invitus venit.

3. Every thing was safe, omnia tuta erant.

4. All of us are here, omnes adsumus.

5. He was the first to see (he saw first), primus vidit.

6. On the top of a tree, in summa arbore.

7. The inner part of the house, interior domus.

8. The rest of the crowd remained, reliqua multitudo manebat.

NOTE. The use of adjectives as nouns is most common in the masculine plural, just as in English the wise, the brave, &c. In the singular this use is rare, except with a few words which have become practically nouns, such as familiaris, an intimate friend; sapiens, a wise man; avarus, a miser, and with neuters as in 4. a. In other cases the noun is generally expressed; and almost always when a feminine or neuter would be used. Hence

2. When any ambiguity would arise from the use. of the adjective alone, a noun must be added: as, 1. Boni, the good; omnia, every thing.

2. All [men] must die, omnibus moriendum est. But3. A good man, vir bonus.

4. Power over every thing, potentia omnium rerum.

3. When any other case is used than the nominative or accusative, the noun is more commonly expressed, even when not required for distinctness.

4. An abstract notion is very often expressed in Latin by an adjective in the neuter plural: thus, 1. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant.

2. The past at least is secure, praeterita saltem tuta sunt. 3. Choose the better part, elige meliora.

4. Fleeting good, bona caduca.

5. Pleasing ill, mala blanda.

5. Adjectives are often used in Latin where in English we use the possessive, or a noun and preposi

tion: as,

1. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis.

2. Caius Blossius of Cumae, C. Blossius Cumanus.

3. Another man's house, aliena domus.

NOTE. These adjectives most commonly represent the genitive, and will be treated in Lesson 15, b.

Exercise 4.

1. Duillius was-the-first1 of the Romans to 1 conquer in a naval battle; Curius Dentatus first led elephants in a triumph. 2. Right and wrong are by nature opposed to-each-other.2 3. After [his] exile Scipio passed the-rest-of his life at Liternum, a small town. of Latium. 4. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, being banished from his country on a false charge

1 Simple adjective.

2 Inter se.

8 Ob.

of having received money1 from Harpalus, was-inexile at Megara.2 He [was] afterwards recalled [and] returned [to] Athens in a ship sent for that [purpose]. 5. Octavia and Livia, the one the sister of Augustus, the other [his] wife, had lost [their] sons, the3 [famous] young Marcellus and Drusus Germanicus. 6. The aged senators who-had-been-consuls or censors1 sat in the Forum on [their] curule chairs, awaiting death. The Gauls found the city deserted; but marching on they came to the Forum, where they beheld the old men sitting immovable like beings 5 of another world." For some time they stood 7 in-awe-at the strange sight, till one of the Gauls ventured to go up to Marcus Papirius and stroke his white beard. The old man smote him on the head with 9 [his] ivory staff; then the barbarian slew him, and all the rest were massacred.

Lit. "of money received."

4 Adjectives.

2 Megarae or is. 3 ille. 5 forma ac natura. 6 de caelo delapsus. 7 Obstipesco. 8 admirans followed by acc. • Ablative.

Lesson 6.

Pronouns. -1. Personal and Reflexive.

1. REVIEW § 19 (Personal and Reflexive Pronouns); with 3. a (Possessive adjectives), d, e. Observe that the pronouns have almost precisely the same syntax as nouns.

2. The Latin never uses the plural of the second person (vos) for the singular you; but often the plural of the first person (nos) for the singular I.

3. Of the double forms in the genitive plural, the form in um is partitive, while that in i is objective: thus, 1. The elder of us, major nostrum.

2. Mindful of us, memor nostri.