before the public has led to a brief statement, where it seemed desirable, of the principle involved rather than array a legion of discouraging references. The text is substantially that of the WeissenbornM. Müller edition, with the free use, however, of such variant readings or recent emendations as commended themselves. Special indebtedness to the commentaries of Weissenborn-H. J. Müller, M. Müller, Luterbacher, and Cocchia is gladly acknowledged. The editor desires also to own his great obligation to Professor Edward A. Bechtel of Tulane University for many valuable suggestions and practical aid; and to Professor H. W. Johnston of Indiana University, editor-in-chief of the series, for valued aid, generously given both directly and indirectly. O. F. LONG. Northwestern University, November, 1908. MAPS Book I, Chapters IV-VII. 3. VIII: The Birth of Romulus Chapters IX-XIII: Seizure of the Sabine Women .. Chapters XV. 6-XVI: Estimate of Romulus; his Chapter XVIII. 1. 5. XIX. 1-5. XX. XXI. 1. 2. 6. XXII 1. 2: The Peaceful Reign of Numa...... Chapters XXIII. 6-XXIV. 3. XXV: Conference with the Albans. The Fight between the Horatii Chapter XXIX: The Destruction of Alba Longa Chapters XXXII. 1. 4 XXXIV. 1-3. 4-7. 10-12. XXXV. 1. 2. 6: Ancus Martius, fourth King. The Advent of Tarquinius Priscus... Chapters XL-XLI. 7. XLVI. XLVII: The Killing of Tarquin. The eventful Reign of Servius Tullius 56 Chapters XLIX. 1-7. LIII. 1-5. 10. 11. LIV. LVII: Tarquinius Superbus, seventh and last King.... 64 69 Book II, Chapters I-II. 2: The Beginning of the Republic. 73 Chapters IX. 1. 2. 4-8. X: Tarquin's Efforts to regain the lost Throne; Horatius at the Bridge.. Chapter XXIII: The Condition of Plebeian Debtors Chapters XXXII. XXXIII. 1. 2: First Secession of the Plebs. The Fable of Menenius Agrippa..... Book III, Chapters XXVI-XXIX. 5. 7: War with the Chapters XLIV-XLVIII. 7. XLIX. LI. 11-13: The Story of Verginia; her Persecution by Appius.. INTRODUCTION I. LIVY'S LIFE. No ancient life of Livy has come down to us, such as we have in the case of Caesar and Vergil, Horace and Terence, nor should the student expect to find direct information, as in the works of such an author as Cicero. A few facts, however, may be gathered from Livy and from external sources. He was born in northern Italy at Patavium (now Padua) in 59 B. C., and is called in full Titus Livius Patavinus. It appears that he was of gentle birth and that he enjoyed in his educational training the best advantages of his day. His work shows intimate acquaintance with Greek authors, such as Plato, Xenophon, Demosthenes, and Polybius, while his training in philosophy and more particularly in rhetoric and oratory is an easy inference from his style, even if external evidence were lacking. The bearing of this training, aside from the traditional position of these subjects in the curriculum, may be seen from the ancient aphorism that history is philosophy in the concrete, and from the practical relation of rhetoric as illustrated on every page of Livy's work. It is significant that Rome's greatest writers were not natives of Rome, but were men who passed through the experience of a more or less provincial youth before being drawn to the metropolis. Livy's native town, however, was not a quiet country village, but a rich flourishing city, although its inhabitants were still simple in their manners and severe in their morals. From such surroundings Livy no doubt acquired a habit of mind which in part explains his antiquarian tendencies and his primitive faith. It is recorded that C. Asinius Pollio, a prominent contemporary, thought Livy guilty of Patavinitas, but it is more likely that this to us indefinite criticism was applied to some peculiarity in his diction, than to the bent of his mind. The citizens of Patavium were granted Roman citizenship in 49 B. C., when Livy was at the impressionable age of ten. In the same year Caesar crossed the Rubicon. Whether from these events he became a sympathizer with Pompey, as Augustus later playfully charged him with being, is uncertain, but it is evident from the general Preface that the civil wars distressed him, and throughout he is, as a laudator temporis acti, a republican in feeling and expression. How long Livy remained at Patavium before finally taking up residence in Rome is a matter of conjecture. He was in Rome at any rate shortly after the battle of Actium, 31 B. C., and it is known that the first book of his history was written there before 25 B. C. He seems to have won speedy recognition of his merits and was a familiar in the distinguished coterie of literary men whom Augustus honorably encouraged. There is no record that Livy was a man of affairs, and apparently most of his life was devoted to his great literary work. So great was his renown, even in his own day, that according to the well known story a Spaniard came all the way to Rome that he might but catch a glimpse of him, and after accomplishing this he at once returned home-a story which moved Petrarch to exclaim that he would have come from India to see so great a man. Of Livy's immediate family, two children, a son and a daughter, are mentioned. Of these we merely know |