were placed in the Capitol. -- 10. Enim Page 8. Plaudi; i. e. in the theatres and 810 Of course not. 9. Blesamius . . . . scriberet? = .... perhaps. Ironical. — 11. Multas. Caesar had two statues in the Rostra. 12. Valde.... est = we must be greatly displeased, forsooth. Ironical. - 13. Tropaeis. A statue is not so much as a trophy. — 14. Clarior. Cicero purposely evades the main point. It was not that the statue was in a conspicuous place, but that it was inter reges. CH. XIII. 1. Quid........te. His life, title of king, and part of Galatia. 2. Quid amiserit. Armenia Minor and the tetrarchy of Trocmi. 3. Multis multa. Like all usurpers Caesar had many claims upon him from those who had helped him: so many claims that he was compelled to pay with other people's property. 4. Antiochus III., king of Syria, was defeated in B. C., 189, and had to give up all Asia west of Mount Taurus. = = between whom and CH. XIV. 1. Tarracone at Tarraco. A town in Spain 811 where Caesar, after the defeat of the last Pompeians, received the embassies, which came to him partly to congratulate him, and partly to sue for pardon. 2. Quocum mihi myself. - 3. Semel. V. III. n. 4. 4. Evocata. Agreeing with 812 misericordia. - 5. Duos reges. The father and the son. →→ 6. Iracundiae. Perdere Deiotarum licet iratus noluisti. Manutius. CH. XV. 1. Amicissimi. Agreeing with Hieras, Blesamius, &c. - 2. Criminibus. The dative. 3. Pedem = length. 4. Tibi.... fuisse = he met you. a foot's 5. Illorum. 813 Castor and Phidippus. PRO T. ANNIO MILONE ORATIO. INTRODUCTION. T. ANNIUS MILO PAPIANUS, the son of C. Papius Celsus and his 814 wife Annia, was adopted by his maternal grandfather, T. Annius Luscus. It is not known in what year he was quaestor. He was tribunus plebis in B. C. 57, the year of Cicero's return from exile, and he exerted himself in favor of Cicero's restoration. From the time when Milo became a partisan of Cicero there was a deadly feud between him and P. Clodius, Cicero's great enemy. The reason 868 Page 814 of Milo's attaching himself to Cn. Pompey, and aiding him in the restoration of Cicero, seems to have been merely a matter of personal interest. He was in debt, and wished to get the consulship and a province, which in those days was the readiest way to repair a ruined fortune. Milo resisted Clodius's violence by violence. Both of them surrounded themselves with armed men, and Rome was filled with their bloody brawls. In B. C. 53 Clodius was elected aedile for the year B. C. 56. Milo was a candidate for the consulship and Clodius for the praetorship. In January, B. C. 52, these two disturbers of the public peace met near Bovillae, each attended by a band of armed men. The meeting was probably accidental. A quarrel ensued and Clodius was killed. The circumstances are told by Cicero, and no doubt in the way most favorable to Milo, for Cicero's answer to the charge against Milo is that he acted in self-defence. The domestic history of Rome from Cicero's return to the death of P. Clodius consists in a great degree of the quarrels of P. Clodius and Milo. In B. C. 57 Milo gave notice that he should prosecute Clodius for having driven away the workmen who were working at Cicero's house, for throwing stones and firebrands against Q. Cicero's house, and for attacking Milo's house. The prosecution, however, was never commenced, owing to the activity of Clodius's friends in the senate. Clodius repaid Milo in the beginning of B. C. 56 by giving notice that he should prosecute him de vi, and for the very acts which Milo alleged that he had done in self-defence. Milo was also charged with keeping armed men in his service. The accuser and the accused appeared in court accompanied by armed men, and a fight took place, in which Clodius's men were beaten. This stopped further proceedings. In B. C. 52 Milo was charged again under the lex Pompeia de vi; and this time for the murder of his old enemy. The trial differed from the usual form of procedure in the witnesses being examined first. After the examination of the witnesses, the prosecutor, App. Claudius, spoke, and his two subscriptores, M. Antonius and P. Valerius Nepos. Cicero spoke in defence of Milo, who was convicted and went into exile. The trial opened on the 4th of April, B. C. 52. L. Domitius Aheno barbus, a consular, was appointed quaesitor or instigator by a special law of Pompey's, and all Rome and thousands of spectators from Italy thronged the forum and its avenues from dawn to sunset during these memorable proceedings. Besides, Milo's cause was greatly injured Page by the virulence of his adversaries, who insulted and obstructed the 814 witnesses, the process, and the conductors of the defence. Pompey availed himself of these disorders to line the forum and its encompassing hills with soldiers. Cicero was so intimidated by these demonstrations that he could not deliver the defence which he had prepared; but he afterwards rewrote and expanded it, — the extant oration, — and sent it to Milo at Marseilles. Milo remarked, “I am glad this was not spoken, since I must have been acquitted, and then had never known the delicate flavor of these Marseille-mullets." Before studying this oration, let the learner, if possible, read carefully the articles, P. Clodius and T. Annius Milo, in Smith's Dict. Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Mythol. CH. I. 1. Corona Non illa -- = with a circle of citizens; i. e. quiet and interested spectators. - 2. Consessus is the judices seated. 3. non afferunt. The two negatives do not in this case destroy each other, but strengthen the negation. Non afferunt do not contribute anything, do not in any degree aid. 4. Tempori = to necessity. 5. Denuntiant. Zeugma. aliquid 6. Neque quisquam every one of them not only = = - and - CH. II. 1. Eorum. V. In Cat. II. 8, n. 6. 2. Omnibus 815 .... publicis = by all acts that bring the state to ruin. 3. Contione harangue. Munatius Plancus, a tribune, in a speech made the day before this oration was delivered, exhorted the people not to let Milo escape with impunity. - 4. Pracirent.... judicaretis should dictate what sentence you should pass. 5. Qui.... fuerit shall be any lit. shall have been any. 6. Pro.... salute; i. e. in defending your interests when he was tribune. 7. Vobis. Judges in general are meant, and not those particularly who sat in this case. 8. Amplissimorum .. viris. The judges for this trial were selected equally from the senatores, equites, and tribuni aerarii. - 9. Laboriosius = more harassed. Nobis. H. 417. A. & S. 256, 2. Cicero identifies himself with his client. 10. Praemiorum; i. c. civil offices. 11. Non modo sed etiam I will not say but even. - 12. Tribunatu. In B. C. 57, five years before. Milo's great service in his tribunate was the restoration of Cicero, which was considered a service to the state. Page 816 tion which properly belongs to the inquiry before you; i. e. which laid the plot for the other. 2. Negant .......... fateatur. The first proposition which Cicero proposes to refute. — 3. Primum .... Horatii : = a capital trial for the first time in the case of M. · Horatius. — 4. Nondum libera. Still governed by kings 5. Sororem. For mourning for her lover, one of the Curiatii, whom he had slain. 6. P. Africanum. The brother-in-law of Ti. Gracchus. 7. Carbone. A friend of Gracchus, who attempted to excite the people to revenge his death. — 8. Seditiose; i. e. with the view of exciting the people against Scipio. — 9. Ahala - Nasica. V. In Cat. I. 1, n. 29. 10. Opimius. V. In Cat. 817 I. 2, n. 1. — 11. Fictis fabulis. Alluding to the story of Ores tes and his trial at Athens for the murder of his mother, and to the declaration of his acquittal by Athena, because the votes were equal for absolution and condemnation. 12. Eum. Orestes. — 13. Duodecim tabulae. In B. C. 449, a code of laws, consisting of Twelve Tables, drawn up by ten men appointed for that purpose, called decemviri, was published. These laws were cut on bronze tablets, posted up in a public place, and became the foundation of the jus civile. - CH. IV. 1. Se exspectari = that they (i. e. their protection and decisions) be waited for. — 2. Etsi — ipsa lex = and yet, even the law. Etsi, like quamquam, is sometimes used to restrict or correct a preceding proposition. 3. Ut.... quaereretur = that, since the motive (of carrying a weapon), not the fact, would be inquired into. 4. Hoc maneat = let this be established; i. e. what he has just said in respect to the legality of homicide in self-defence. = CH. V. 1. Sequitur illud. The second point to be refuted. 2. Contra.... factam. Cf. Sall. Cat. I. n. 6. 3. Studiis by their zealous efforts (in favor of Milo). 4. Declarant ... contiones those powerless harangues of this singed tribune of the people show (this). T. Munatius Plancus Bursa is meant, who, with Q. Pompeius Rufus, another tribune, endeavoring to inflame the mob against Milo, tore up the benches and other furniture in the curia, with which he made a funeral pile for the body of Clodius, and near which, while it was burning, he continued to harangue the people, till he was forced by the heat to withdraw. — 818 5. Quaestionem. Referring to the extraordinary commission (nori judicii, 1) instituted by Pompey for the trial of Milo. — 6. Incesto stupro. This is the old story of Clodius having got C. Page into Caesar's house to have an intrigue with Caesar's wife, as it was 818 said, at the time when the ceremonies of the Bona Dea were going on, at which no male was allowed to be present (B. C. 62). It was first proposed in the senate by the consuls M. Pupius Piso and M. Messala, that a particular form of trial (nova quaestio) should be established for Clodius's offence against religion, for there was no perpetua quaestio which applied to Clodius's case; and that the judices should be named by the praetor. But when the Rogatio, in conformity to the decision of the senate, was proposed to the people, Clodius's faction and the bad faith of the consul Piso prevented the question being put to the vote. At last the tribune Fufius proposed a Lex, which differed only from the consular Rogatio in the way of choosing the judices, but, as Cicero remarks (Ad Att. I. 16), this was everything. Clodius was tried and acquitted by a small majority of the judices, and his acquittal, as Cicero says, was the result of bribery. This explains what Cicero says here, judicium decernendi senatui potestas esset erepta. 7. Illa; i. e. just mentioned, 8. E re publica for the good of the state. CH. VI. 1. Decrevi = = - - 4. was of the opinion. — 2. Appią; sc. via. 3. Rem notavi I censured, disapproved, the affair; i. e. the violence and lying in wait, as causes of the murder, Tribunum. T. Munatius Plancus. -5, Veteribus legibus; i, e. the laws already existing, which were applicable to Milo's case. 6. Extra ordinem out of the regular order; i. e. immediately, without waiting its turn. – 7. Divisa.... est. When a question included several distinct particulars, any senator could have the privilege of voting on each point separately by pronouncing the word divide. The distinct particulars in the present case were, veteribus legibus, and extra ordinem. 8. Reliqua auctoritas. The auctoritas is the measure proposed in the senate; and the reliqua refers to the part veteribus legibus, which was obnoxious to the tribune Munatius, and the veto of which he procured by a bribe.— 9. At enim. These words introduce the third objection of Milo's enemies, which Cicero deems it necessary to refute. 10. Tulit proposed a law. 11. Paret = it is clear. 12. Juris = of its justice, lawfulness. - 13. Tam quam = as well 14. Literam. Cicero refers to the letters A (absolvo) and C (condemno), which were marked on tablets and given by the praetor to each of the judges. If his decision was acquittal, he threw the tablet marked A into the urn, if condemnation, the one marked C. 15. Non interitum; i. e. not whether any one has been - as. 819 |