siliarii, conscii, socii verbum facere non audent. In qua curia statua tua stabat et nuda filii, in ea nemo fuit, ne quem nudus quidem filius1 nudata provincia commoveret. Atque etiam hoc me docent, ejusmodi fecisse2 senatus consultum laudationis, ut omnes intelligere possent non laudationem, sed potius irrisionem esse illam, quae commonefaceret istius turpem calamitosamque praeturam. Etenim scriptum esse ita, quod is virgis neminem cecidisset: a quo cognostis nobilissimos homines atque innocentissimos securi esse percussos: quod vigilanter provinciam administrasset: cujus omnes vigilias in stupris constat esse consumptas; cujusmodi, constat. Hoc vero scriptum esse, quod proferre non auderet reus, accusator recitare non desineret, quod praedones procul ab insula Sicilia prohibuisset Verres: quos etiam intra Syracusanam insulam recepisset.

Haec posteaquam ex illis cognovi, discessi cum fratre e curia, ut, nobis absentibus, si quid vellent, decernerent.

65. Decernunt statim primum, ut cum fratre L. hospitium publice fieret, quod is eandem voluntatem erga Syracusanos suscepisset, quam ego semper habuissem. Id non modo tum scripserunt, verum etiam in aere incisum nobis tradiderunt. Valde, hercule, te Syracusani tui, quos crebro commemorare soles, diligunt: qui cum accusatore tuo satis justam causam conjungendae necessitudinis putant, quod te accusaturus sit et quod inquisitum in te venerit. Postea decernitur, ac non varie, sed prope cunctis sententiis, ut laudatio, quae C. Verri decreta esset, tolleretur. In eo, cum jam non solum discessio3 facta esset, sed etiam perscriptum atque in tabulas relatum, praetor appellatur. At quis appellat? Magistratus aliquis? Nemo. Senator? Ne id quidem.5 Syracusan

1 Ne-filius, &c. alludes to the dissolute life and unnatural desires of which Verres was suspected. Nudata, as applied to the province, is the same as exhausta, despoliata.

2 Unless we read fuisse for fecisse, we might refer hoc to what has been mentioned above-the shameless images of Verres and his favourite: this very thing has brought about such a decree to praise him, as I see from the fact that,' &c. To docent supply litterae publicae. 3When the voting upon it had commenced; that is, when the two parties voting for and against it had separated. The same method of voting was adopted in the senate at Rome.

4 An appeal is made to the praetor.' The praetor, L. Metellus, was to prevent the suppression of the laudatio.

5 To ne id quidem, supply the verb fit.

orum aliquis? Minime. Quis igitur praetorem appellat ? Qui quaestor istius fuerat, P. Caesetius. O rem ridiculam! O desertum hominem, desperatum, relictum! A magistratu Siculo,1 ne senatus consultum Siculi homines facere possent, ne suum jus suis moribus, suis legibus obtinere possent, non amicus istius, non hospes, non denique aliquis Siculus, sed quaestor populi Romani praetorem appellat. Quis hoc vidit? quis audivit ? Praetor aequus3 et sapiens dimitti jubet senatum. Concurrit ad me maxima multitudo. Primum senatores clamare, sibi eripi jus, eripi libertatem: populus senatum laudare, gratias agere: cives Romani a me nusquam discedere. Quo quidem die nihil aegrius factum est, multo labore meo, quam ut manus ab illo appellatore abstinerentur. Cum ad praetorem in jus adissemus, excogitat sane acute quid decernat. Nam antequam verbum facerem, de sella surrexit atque abiit.5 Itaque tum de foro, cum jam advesperasceret, discessimus.

66. Postridie mane ab eo postulo, ut Syracusanis liceret senatus consultum, quod pridie fecissent, mihi reddere. Ille enimvero negat: et ait, indignum facinus esse, quod ego in senatu Graeco verba fecissem: quod quidem apud Graecos Graece locutus essem, id ferri nullo modo posse. Respondi homini, ut potui, ut debui, ut volui. Cum multa, tum etiam hoc me memini dicere, facile esse perspicuum, quantum inter hunc et illum Numidicum,7 verum ac germanum Metellum, interesset: illum noluisse sua laudatione juvare L. Lucullum, sororis virum, quicum optime convenisset; hunc homini alienissimo a civitatibus laudationes per vim et metum comparare. Quod ubi intellexi, multum apud illum recentes

1 'Disregarding the Sicilian magistrate.'

2 Who was not even in office.

3 Praetor aequus, and what follows, must be taken ironically.

4 Sane, 'no doubt;' for he was sitting there in silence.

5 Namely, in order not to be obliged to express his opinion, or because he had nothing to say.

6 Namely, a L. Metello propraetore.

7 Metellus, the conqueror of Jugurtha, and the predecessor of Marius in the Jugurthine war.

8 This L. Lucullus was the father of the celebrated conqueror of Mithridates; he was accused by the augur Servilius of peculation (peculatus), and condemned.

nuntios,1 multum tabellas non commendaticias,2 sed tributarias valuisse, admonitu Syracusanorum ipsorum impetum in eas tabulas facio,3 in quibus S. C.4 perscripserant. Ecce autem nova turba atque rixa, ne tamen istum omnino Syracusis sine amicis, sine hospitibus, plane nudum esse ac desertum putetis. Retinere incipit tabulas Theomnastus3 quidam, homo ridicule insanus, quem Syracusani Theoractum vocant; qui illic ejusmodi est, ut eum pueri sectentur, ut omnes, cum loqui coepit, irrideant. Hujus tamen insania, quae ridicula est aliis, mihi tum molesta sane fuit: nam cum spumas ageret in ore,7 oculis arderet, voce maxima vim me sibi afferre clamaret, copulati in jus pervenimus. Hic ego postulare coepi, ut mihi tabulas obsignare ac deportare liceret. Ille contra dicere: negare, esse illud S. C., in quo praetor appellatus esset; negare, id mihi tradi oportere. Ego legem recitare, omnium mihi tabularum et litterarum fieri potestatem. Ille furiosus urgere, nihil ad se nostras leges pertinere. Praetor intelligens 9 negare sibi placere, quod senatus consultum ratum1o esse non deberet, id me Romam deportare. Quid multa? nisi vehementius homini minatus essem, nisi legis sanctionem11 poenamque recitassem, tabularum mihi potestas facta non esset. Ille autem insanus, qui pro isto vehementissime contra me declamasset, postquam non impetravit, credo, ut in gratiam mecum rediret, libellum mihi dat, in quo istius furta Syracusana perscripta erant: quae ego antea jam ab illis 12 cognoram et acceperam.

67. Laudent te jam sane Mamertini, quoniam ex tota provincia soli sunt, qui te salvum velint: ita tamen laudent, ut

1 Namely, from Verres.

2 These are not letters of recommendation, but letters promising money as a reward.

3 In order to take them with me to Rome.

4 Namely, the decree of the senate to suppress the laudatio.

5 Or Theomnestus (sóμvnoros). He was a priest of Jupiter.

6 That is, oppneros, a person struck by the Deity' (with madness).

6

7 Spumas agere in ore, to foam with rage.'

8 In jus; that is, before the praetor.'

9 Intelligens is here said in the same way as aequus above.

10 On account of the appeal of Caesetius.

11 Sanctio is that part of a law which contains the punishment to be inflicted on those who violate it. Cicero uses this threat in order to obtain possession of the written documents.

12 The illis here refers to the Syracusans.

Heius, qui princeps legationis est, adsit:1 ita laudent, ut ad ea, quae rogati erunt, mihi parati sint respondere. Ac ne subito a me opprimantur, haec sum rogaturus: Navem populo Romano debeantne? fatebuntur: praebuerintne, praetore C. Verre? negabunt: aedificarintne navem onerariam maximam publice, quam Verri dederunt? negare non poterunt : frumentum ab iis sumpseritne C. Verres, quod populo Romano mitteret, sicuti superiores ?2 negabunt: quid militum aut nautarum per triennium dederint? nullum datum dicent. Fuisse Messanam omnium istius furtorum ac praedarum receptricem, negare non poterunt: permulta multis navibus illinc exportata :3 hanc navem denique maximam a Mamertinis datam, onustam cum isto profectam fatebuntur. Quamobrem tibi habe sane istam laudationem Mamertinorum: Syracusanam quidem civitatem, ut abs te affecta est, ita in te esse animatam videmus: apud quos etiam Verria1 illa flagitiosa sublata sunt. Etenim minime conveniebat, ei deorum honores haberi, qui simulacra deorum abstulisset. Etiam, hercule, illud in Syracusanis merito reprehenderetur, si, cum diem festum5 ludorum de fastis suis sustulissent celeberrimum et sanctissimum, quod eo ipso die Syracusae a Marcello captae esse dicuntur, iidem diem festum Verris nomine agerent, cum iste a Syracusanis, quae ille calamitosus dies reliquerat, ademisset. At videte hominis impudentiam atque arrogantiam, judices, qui non solum Verria haec turpia ac ridicula ex Heraclii pecunia constituerit, verum etiam Marcellia tolli imperarit, ut ei7 sacra facerent quotannis, cujus opera omnium annorum sacra deosque patrios amiserant;8 ejus autem familiae9 dies festos tollerent, per quam ceteros quoque festos dies recuperarant.

1 Then he will demand back his stolen treasures of art.

2 That is, those who had been propraetors in Sicily before him. 3 Namely, to Rome and to the villas of Verres.

4 Which he had instituted in place of the Marcellia.

5 That is, the Marcellia.

6 Namely, by the command of Verres.

7 As if he were a god.

8 As if nothing was now left but to offer sacrifices to Verres. Patrii dii are the gods whose worship is indigenous in the country, in opposition to the ridiculous new worship.

9 The family here alluded to is that of the Claudii Marcelli. Cicero intentionally uses the word familia, although he is speaking of M. Claudius Marcellus alone; for other members of the family, C. Marcellus and Cn. Lentulus, were among the judges whose favour he wished to gain for his clients.

ORATIO DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII,

SIVE

PRO LEGE MANILIA.

THE speech pro lege Manilia, or, as it is called in the manuscripts, De imperio Cn. Pompeii, was delivered by Cicero in the consulship of M. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Volcatius Tullus, B. C. 66. He was then praetor, and addressed his speech to a numerous assembly of the Roman people in the Forum. Certain expressions of Cicero lead us to suppose that the speech must have been delivered in the second half of the year, towards the beginning of autumn. The circumstances of the time were extremely favourable to the orator; for Mithridates, who, for more than twenty years, had been engaged in a vigorous war against the Romans, had not yet been compelled to desist from his hostilities against them. It was just about this time that Mithridates was recovering the advantages of which he had been deprived by Lucullus, who had commanded the Roman armies in the East for a period of seven years, and had now been recalled. The Pontic king had again advanced from the mountains of Armenia into Asia Minor, and Acilius Glabrio, who was consul in B. C. 67, and succeeded Lucullus, was unable to offer him any effectual resistance. At the time when Mithridates was gradually recovering his strength, Pompey had been engaged in a short, but successful and brilliant war against the pirates: he had subdued and pursued them to the remotest corners in the east of the Mediterranean. When Cicero delivered the present speech, Pompey's campaign against the pirates was at an end, but he still possessed unlimited command of the fleet and army in all parts of the Mediterranean, and on all its coasts to a considerable distance from the sea. We are not intimately acquainted with the secret motives which actuated the leading men at Rome, but it is very possible that Pompey exerted his influence upon them from the East: in short, the tribune C. Manilius brought forward a bill proposing that the war against Mithridates should be committed to Pompey; that he should conduct it with all the means he still had at his command; and that, accordingly, he should be left in possession of his unlimited powers; and, moreover, that the interior of Asia also should be assigned to him as his province. The moderate and truly republican patriots thought that this was going too far, and that it was dangerous to intrust so much power to one man. Q. Catulus, and the orator Hortensius, accordingly opposed