cupido, atque inde foedum certamen coortum a satis "miti principio. Quoniam gemini essent nec aetatis verecundia discrimen facere posset, ut dii, quorum tutelae ea loca essent, auguriis legerent qui nomen novae urbi daret, qui conditam imperio regeret, Palatium m Romulus, Remus Aventinum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt. 7 Priori Remo augurium venisse fertur sex vultures, iamque nuntiato augurio cum duplex numerus Romulo sese ostendisset, utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat. Tempore illi praecepto, at hi numero avium 2 regnum trahebant. Inde cum altercatione congressi certamine irarum ad caedem vertuntur. 10.-inde: i.e. the real cause was aetatis: cf. 3. 10. ut dii, etc.: divinities was a very widespread one. qui: relative; the one to give. templa: in its technical sense of a spot chosen according to the augural ritual (see 18. 6 seq.) for the purpose of observing certain phenomena therein (inaugurandum). KILLING OF REMUS. 7. priori, first. utrumque, etc., each was hailed as king by his particular followers. -sua: the reflexive, because utrumque is the subject of discourse, although not the grammatical subject. salutaverat: the pluperfect refers the action to the time of vertuntur. The Latin in order to make a unit - -con Ibi in turba ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgatior fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse muros, inde ab irato Romulo, cum verbis quoque increpitans adiecisset Sic deinde quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!', interfectum. Ita solus potitus imperio Romulus; condita urbs condi- 3 toris nomine appellata. Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educatus, muniit. Sacra diis aliis Albano ritu, Graeco Herculi, ut ab Euandro instituta erant, facit.Herculem in ea loca Geryone interempto boves mira specie abegisse memorant ac prope Tiberim fluvium, qua prae se armentum agens arterlogical muros: see 44. 3, and note. The act was a kind of sacrilege. verbis: with increpitans.-quoque: i.e. as well as a blow. - sic: sc. pereat; or cf. 26. 4. - interfectum: other accounts are given or implied in Ov. Fast. V. 469; Virg. Aen. I. 292. FOUNDING OF ROME; CULT OF HERCULES. 3. condita: the city was not fully built until after the fracas, so that Romulus was the founder in either case. Livy derives Roma from Romulus, which is etymologically impossible. -nomine: abl. of separation; cf. ab nomine, 23. 3. Palatium: the hill which was the site of the earliest city, or at least the citadel of it. Remains of the earliest walls are still to be seen on the hill. They did not occupy the whole of the summit, which was originally divided by a ravine into two parts, of which only the northwestern one was occupied by the citadel or Roma Quadrata. sacra: in the minds of the ancients, an idea inseparable from the founding of a city, and hence next mentioned. — aliis, the other; as often in Livy. - Albano: i.e. old Italian. See Introd. 4. ritu: the ritual of Greek worship and of Italian seems to have been distinctly different. Herculi: the worship of Hercules must have been very early introduced by Greek merchants. His altar, the Ara Maxima, was in the low land by the river, west of the Palatine, where must have been the commercial quarter; and this altar had a special connection with good faith in bargains. In the growth of legends the worship was naturally associated with Evander. * facit, performs; but implying the establishing of a permanent cult. 4. Herculem: this divinity, who came to the Greeks from the Phonicians, had as his tenth labor to steal the cattle of Geryon, the threeheaded monster of the island of Erytheia. To accomplish this feat, he passed westward along North Africa, and, crossing at the Pillars of Hercules into Spain, on the coast of which the island was supposed to be, returned with the cattle by way of Europe. It was on this return that he was supposed to have come to Italy. །༧ nando traiecerat, loco herbido, ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves, et ipsum fessum via procubuisse. 5 Ibi cum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor accola eius loci, nomine Cacus, ferox viribus, captus pulchritudine boum cum avertere eam praedam vellet, quia, si agendo armentum in speluncam compu lisset, ipsa vestigia quaerentem dominum eo deductura 301 erant, aversos boves, eximium quemque pulchritudine, caudis in speluncam traxit. the 6 Hercules ad primam auroram somno excitus cum gregem perlustrasset oculis et partem abesse numero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent. Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit nec in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi ex 7 loco infesto agere porro armentum occepit. Inde cum actae boves quaedam ad desiderium, ut fit, relictarum. loco herbido: the low land between the Capitoline and Palatine and the river.laeto, luxuriant; as in poetry.—reficeret: the purpose of procubuisse; i.e. he stopped, and being tired himself from his journey (as well as the cattle, implied in quiete) lay down. 5. ferox viribus, arrogant on account of his strength; what we express in other connections by 'a bully.' -avertere: a technical term for carrying off cattle and other booty. Cf. Virg. Aen. X. 78. a agendo: opposed to aversos traxit below.compulisset: kind of indirect discourse, representing the thought in Cacus' mind. This construction easily passes into the contrary-to-fact form, of which it is, no doubt, the origin; see Gr. 307. f., and compare 308. d. aversos: opposed to agendo. eximium: here equivalent to a superlative; see Gr. 93. c. quem que limiting partitive apposition 6. pergit: a continuance of the mugissent, reddita inclusarum ex spelunca boum vox Herculem convertit. Quem cum ad speluncam vadentem Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, ictus clava fidem pas torum nequiquam invocans morte occubuit. / Euander tum ea profugus ex Peloponneso auctoritate 8 magis quam imperio regebat loca, venerabilis vir miraculo litterarum, rei novae inter rudes artium homines, venerabilior divinitate credita Carmentae matris, quam fatiloquam ante Sibyllae in Italiam adventum miratae eae gentes fuerant. Is tum Euander concursu pastorum 9 trepidantium circa advenam manifestae reum caedis c excitus postquam facinus facinorisque causam audivit, habitum formamque viri aliquantum ampliorem augus companions. This is a good example of the manner in which in Latin, and especially by Livy, one stroke is added after another to complete the statement, and each with reference to what has just preceded. The only way to read Latin is to take it as it comes, and often a sentence must be broken up in translating, in order to keep the proper interdependence of the parts. — inclusarum: sc. in spelunca. ex spelunca: sc. reddita; the whole is a very common short-hand form of expression. - convertit, drew the attention of. — fidem: the regular cry of one calling upon his companions or countrymen or the gods for assistance, and common in the comedy (O fidem popularium, etc.); here inserted to give a more striking picture. 8. Euander: cf. Virg. Aen. VIII. 51. seq.Peloponneso: i.e. from Arcadia. auctoritate, personal influence, from respect for his character. imperio, power, as a recognized monarch. miraculo: i.e. as an apparently miraculous invention. litterarum: i.e. the art -- of writing, which evidently came to the Latins by way of Cumæ, an Æolic colony. venerabilior: i.e. the power of writing seemed divine, but still more so did the famed origin of Evander. · Carmentae: derived from carmen on account of the metrical form of prophecy, and the supposed divine inspiration of poetry; an Italian nymph whose name is preserved in the Porta Carmentalis at the foot of the capitol. There seems to be nothing strange to Livy in an Italian nymph being the mother of a refugee from Arcadia; but the names are doubtless all inventions. Probably the traditional mother of Evander was identified with this Latin prophetess; cf. Aen. VIII. 339; Ov. F. İ. 499.— fatiloquam: in apposition with quam. Sibyllae: cf. Aen. VI. 9, seq. 9. pastorum: cf. 7. - trepidantium, crowding around; properly, hurrying hither and thither around Hercules, not venturing to arrest him, but holding him at bay. manifestae, etc., caught in the act of open murder. - ampliorem: properly, with formam; augus ΤΟ Io tioremque humana intuens, rogitat qui vir esset. Vbi nomen patremque ac patriam accepit, 'Iove nate, Hercules, salve,' inquit. 'Te mihi mater, veridica interpres deum, aucturum caelestium numerum cecinit tibique aram hic dicatum iri, quam opulentissima olim in terris II gens maximam vocet tuoque ritu colat.' Dextra Hercules data accipere se omen impleturumque fata ara 12 condita ac dicata ait. Ibi tum primum bove eximia capta de grege sacrum Herculi adhibitis ad ministerium dapemque Potitiis ac Pinariis, quae tum familiae maxime in tiorem: properly, with habitum, though attracted to formam; humana: belonging to both, but agreeing in gender with formam. — qui: ef. qui mortales, 1: 7, and see Gr. 104. a. 10. patremque: notice the division into groups, the first two words in one, and the last one in the other. Iove, etc. in accordance with the answer given to his question. aucturum: the standard expression for being added to anything; cf. Aen. V. 565. —cecinit: cf. Carmentae, 8 n. This prophecy accounts for the dedication of the altar before the apotheosis of the hero. — maximam: the altar so called stood in the low ground by the Tiber, near the gate of the Circus Maximus. It was no doubt erected under Greek influence, and seems to have been connected from very early times with the foreign trade of the city. Upon it bargains were solemnized, and the deity, by the name Dius Fidius, was identified with Semo Sancus, the Sabine god of faith; see Mommsen, Book I. chap. xii. - ritu: every cult had its own peculiar ritual, either borrowed from abroad or developed from very early times; cf. Graeco Herculi, 3. The chief peculiarities of this rite II. accipere: a regular word Cf. accipio omen, mea filia, Cic. de 12. primum: the first offering to inaugurate the cult.ministerium: i.e. as assistants to Hercules, who probably is conceived as having acted as chief priest. Potitiis ac Pinariis: the names seem manufactured; but they may well be relics of descriptive names in some still older rites; cf. IX. 29. 9; Virg. Aen. VIII. 269 seq.-familiae: logically appositive to the names, but, according to Latin usage, absorbed into the relative clause; cf. Gr. 201. d. |