PREFACE. THE Twenty-first Book of Livy may be studied either as a collection of sentences illustrating the Latin grammar, a superior Delectus in short, or as an episode in one of the most deeply interesting chapters of history. To a boy especially there ought to be something very fascinating in the career of Hannibal, in his personal gallantry, in his wonderful ascendency over his heterogeneous forces, and his unshaken composure in adversity. I can almost conceive an unpedantic life of Hannibal possessing some of the interest of Robinson Crusoe. I have therefore written notes to the History rather than to the Delectus. Not that I have neglected the grammatical difficulties of the text, or omitted to supply notes on the construction wherever a reasonable doubt could arise. But the pellucid beauty of Livy's style, in which the clear thought is clearly reflected, is rather unfavourable to the art of the mere 6 gerundgrinder,' though it allows much greater opportunity of bringing into relief all the details of the story Besides, therefore, compressing much matter from Dr. Smith's Dictionaries into my notes, I have added numerous extracts from Arnold and Mommsen. Wherever either of these writers seemed to have expressed the essence of the Latin in a few happy words, calculated to impress themselves on a schoolboy's memory, I have freely borrowed. Perhaps I may refer to the notes on the chapters which contain the passage over the Alps, to illustrate how I have endeavoured to carry out the idea. A vocabulary of proper names is perhaps the most difficult task for an editor who would steer between a useless brevity and a tedious prolixity. Of course suco names as Hannibal and Scipio should be treated amply But how are such names as Italia and Carthago to be treated? The old method was to overlay them with adjectives, to call them famous' and 'celebrated,' but to give no valuable information about them. The modern method tends rather to run to 'excursus.' I can find no safer rule than to admit everything that is apposite to the subject of this book, even at the risk of a little fulness. LONDON September 1874. TITI LIVI AB URBE CONDITA HISTORIARUM LIBER XXI. I. IN parte operis mei licet mihi præfari, quod in principio summae totius professi plerique sunt rerum scriptores, bellum maxime omnium memorabile, quæ umquam gesta sint, me scripturum, quod Hannibale duce Cartha2 ginienses cum populo Romano gessere. Nam neque validiores opibus ullæ inter se civitates gentesque contulerunt arma, neque his ipsis tantum umquam virium aut roboris fuit; et haud ignotas belli artes inter sese, sed expertas primo Punico conserebant bello, et adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit, ut propius 3 periculum fuerint, qui vicerunt. Odiis etiam prope majoribus certarunt quam viribus, Romanis indignantibus, quod victoribus victi ultro inferrent arma, Pœnis, quod superbe avareque 4 crederent imperitatum victis esse. Fama est H. sworn etiam Hannibalem annorum ferme novem, pueri- by his liter blandientem patri Hamilcari, ut ducere- make war tur in Hispaniam, quum perfecto Africo bello on Rome, exercitum eo trajecturus sacrificaret, altaribus admotum tactis sacris jure jurando adactum se, quum primum posset, hostem fore populo Ro5 mano. Angebant ingentis spiritus virum Sicilia father to B.C. 238. B.C. 238. Sardiniaque amissæ: nam et Siciliam nimis celeri desperatione rerum concessam et Sardiniam inter motum Africæ fraude Romanorum stipendio etiam insuper imposito interceptam. II. His anxius curis ita, se Africo bello, quod 1 fuit sub recentem Romanam pacem, per quinque annos, ita deinde novem annis in Hispania Hamilcar augendo Punico imperio gessit, ut appareret majus eum, quam quod gereret, agitare in animo bellum, et, si diutius vixisset, Hamilcare duce Pœnos arma Italiæ illaturos fuisse, qui Hannibalis ductu intulerunt. viceroy in Spain, B.C. 238-229. Hasdru bal's conciliatory policy. Mors Hamilcaris peropportuna et pueritia 3 Hannibalis distulerunt bellum. Medius Hasdrubal inter patrem ac filium octo ferme annos imperium obtinuit, flore ætatis, uti ferunt, primo Hamilcari conciliatus, gener inde ob 4 aliam indolem profecto animi adscitus, et, quia gener erat, factionis Barcinæ opibus, quæ apud milites plebemque plus quam modicæ erant, haud sane voluntate principum in imperio positus. Is plura consilio quam vi gerens hos- 5 pitiis magis regulorum conciliandisque per amicitiam principum novis gentibus quam bello aut armis rem Carthaginiensem auxit. Ceterum 6 nihilo ei pax tutior fuit: barbarus eum quidam sassinated, palam ob iram interfecti ab eo domini obtruncat; comprensusque ab circumstantibus haud alio, quam si evasisset, vultu, tormentis quoque quum laceraretur, eo fuit habitu oris, ut superante lætitia dolores ridentis etiam speciem præbuerit. Cum hoc Hasdrubale, quia miræ 7 artis in sollicitandis gentibus imperioque suo jungendis fuerat, fœdus renovaverat populus Romanus, ut finis utriusque imperii esset amnis Iberus, Saguntinisque mediis inter imperia duorum populorum libertas servaretur. He is as B.C. 221. Roman treaty with H. Hannibal commander III. In Hasdrubalis locum haud dubia res 1 fuit, quin prærogativam militarem, qua extem |