formed a new war machine as effective as that which their enemies had so long constructed. Not much of France was reconquered, the Germans fought well and were not driven far back; but what had been done could be continued, and the tide of war had definitely turned. When the rains of autumn came the battle was brought to an end, and Germans boasted that the futile offensive had been smothered in mud and in blood. But when in the spring their armies began a large retreat some of the real results were evident, and it may be that some of the larger results will be seen yet more clearly hereafter. The book has many illustrations and numerous excellent maps.

The part taken by Italy in the great war has seemed disappointing to those who have known little about it, and for the most part not much has been known. Italy in the War," by Sidney Low, will be useful in revealing what Italy has accomplished, and what prodigious difficulties have confronted her armes from the first. All advantages were with the emeny, who had long time to prepare, until the most difficult area for fighting in Europe was converted into a series of fortresses apparently impregnable. In this volume, which is abundantly illustrated, the author shows that a great deal has been brought to pass, that Italian armies have now to a considerable extent made secure their frontier, and that in addition to wresting from the enemy some of Italy unredeemed, they have occupied the attention of large Austrian forces which might on some occasions have been used elsewhere with decisive effect. The latter part of the book contains the best account which I have seen of the manner in which the Italian people forced their politicians to allow them to join with the Allies against those with whom they had recently been united. And the author points out that far from being the result merely of sordid motives, this decision was taken at a time when the fortunes of the Allies were at lowest ebb. The writing is at times a trifle heavy, and never inspiring, and the illustrations are not the best which could have been furnished, but altogether the work is excellent and well worth reading throughout.

Many works like When the Prussians Came to Poland have

"Italy in the War, by Sidney Low. London: Longmans, Green & Company. 1917.

22 When the Prussians Came to Poland: The Experiences of an American Woman during the German Invasion, by Laura de Gozdawa Turczynowicz. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1916.

appeared in the last year or so, and doubtless there will be many more. I do not know that this is one of the best, but I am certain that it is well worth reading, and that others like it ought to be known by people who do not realize what the practices of the Germans in this war really are, and what it is that we may be fighting to save our country from later on. At the beginning of the war the authoress, who is an American girl married to a Polish nobleman, was living in the quiet happiness of her family at Suwalki near the German border. Here was the ebb and flow of war, and after the retirement of the defenders the Prussians settled down upon Poland. Alas for Poland and Belgium and Eastern France! We know something about it already, but for years to come doubtless tales will be told that will stir up hatred and horror and fear. Some of what these people endured may be seen in the experiences related in this book. The punishments, the starving captives, the coarse visitors, the vile and brutal doctor, the young girl who like others was taken by authority for the use of the soldiers-and how they found her afterwards, the husband who hanged the new-born babe and himself when he came home and found what was there. God have mercy upon us! you will say. Barbarism and mediæval fury have not yet gone.

He who writes the preface to the little volume "Mademoiselle Miss" well says that the record contained here is an intimate and holy thing. It is made up of letters from an American girl who happened to be in France at the outbreak of the war. The letters, not originally intended for publication, were written after toil of fourteen hours a day in the midst of patients, all of whom, I dare say, loved the authoress as she deserved. It is one of the sweetest stories that has come from the war; and often as one reads the words of this brave and good woman there is some ado to keep the tears from one's eyes. All profits from the sale of this book are devoted to assisting French wounded. The publisher, who has recently printed another little book, The Edith Cavell Nurse from Massachusetts, takes a very proper pride in the success of his efforts.

University of Michigan.

EDWARD RAYMOND TURNER.

23" Mademoiselle Miss": Letters from of an American Girl Serving with the Rank of Lieutenant in a French Army Hospital at the Front. Boston: W. A. Butterfield. 1916.

BOOK REVIEWS

THE BOOK OF The Opening of THE RICE INSTITUTE. Being an account in three volumes of an academic festival held in celebration of the formal opening of the Rice Institute, a university of liberal and technical learning founded in the city of Houston, Texas, by William Marsh Rice and dedicated by him to the advancement of letters. Houston, Texas.

With beautiful photogravures of distinguished men from all parts of the world, who came to take part in the opening exercises, and with handsome facsimiles of responses to the invitation of Rice Institute, sent from the universities and colleges of the Old World and the New, these three volumes are a magnificent example of the best work of the DeVinne Press, and testify to the almost unlimited endowment which the Rice Institute can count on for its support. It is doubtful whether any other institution of learning, either in this country or abroad, opened its doors under more auspicious circumstances. After years of litigation over the will of William Marsh Rice, during which the interest on the millions of the original bequest continued to grow, Professor Edgar Odell Lovett, of Princeton University, was chosen president, and spent a year in Europe, visiting technical schools and universities, and conferring with leaders of European thought, before he finally decided on his plans and policy for the new institution.

When at last his plans were perfected, he entrusted to Messrs. Cram, Goodhue, and Ferguson, of Boston, the task of designing a general architectural plan to embody in the course of future years the realization of the educational programme. This general plan, the work of Mr. Ralph Adams Cram, exhibits in itself many attractive elements of the architecture of Italy, France, and Spain, and the type selected, suggestive of the Moorish, seems especially adapted to the southwest, where Spanish ideals prevailed for so long a period. A full quadrangle having been completed, an invitation to the dedicatory exercises, engraved on parchment and bearing the tasteful seal of the Institute, was sent out to "the universities, colleges, scientific foundations, and learned societies of the world."

The responses to this invitation, printed in facsimile, are of

no little interest. Those from the United States extend hearty congratulations and best wishes; and from the Old World universities, too, with few exceptions, came messages of similar import, among others, notably the University of Paris, the University of Rome, the University of Oviedo, the University of Aberdeen, and the Polish University in Lemberg, Galicia. "Happy is the country," declared in his response the Rector of the University of Lwów, Lemberg, "in which, thanks to the liberality of its citizens, palaces are erected for cultivating and extending human knowledge. United to you by the bonds of common aspirations, we send to you across the sea to the hands of your most honorable president, Edgar Odell Lovett, the old Polish wish of Good Luck for your work in furthering the greatest good of mankind." In strong contrast appear the two responses from Oxford and Cambridge, England: the former a curt, typewritten note of regret that there would be no opportunity of bringing the matter before the Council of the University; the latter a blunt note, evidently indited with a quill pen, regretting that "the resident body will be engaged in their regular official duties" and thus it will be "impossible to get a delegate from the University of Cambridge to attend at the Inaugural Ceremony of the William M. Rice Institute."

From institutions and societies of the Old World there were nearly twenty-five delegates representing institutions from Holland to New South Wales; in this country there were delegates from a hundred and thirty-three societies and institutions of learning. The exercises continued for three days and nights, and included addresses and short speeches, many of them of permanent interest and value, containing results of recent investigations by some of the most distinguished scholars of Europe and America. In reading the detailed account of the supper given by the Trustees in the Residental Hall in honor of the inaugural lecturers, at which the speakers were Henry van Dyke, Emil Borel, Sir Henry Jones, Senator Volterra, Edwin Grant Conklin, Sir William Ramsay, Rafael Altamira, Hugo de Vries, Ralph Adams Cram,- one is impressed by the skill and tact with which President Lovett presided over so august an assembly and by the graceful and appropriate words with which he

introduced each speaker. These three volumes speak eloquently of the taste and energy and enthusiasm of President Lovett and exhibit clearly his policy of developing the new institution along broad lines of liberal culture as well as in fields of specialized research.

THE PRINCE OF PARTHIA. By Thomas Godfrey. Edited with introduction, historical and biographical, by Archibald Henderson. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

For anyone at this late date to galvanize into life a latent interest in the first American tragedy, which was first performed one hundred and fifty years ago, is a distinct accomplishment, and this is exactly what Professor Archibald Henderson, of the University of North Carolina, has done with Godfrey's Prince of Parthia, which he has republished with a critical and historical introduction.

No literary history of the United States has neglected to give a fair share of praise to Thomas Godfrey, who gave promise of becoming a fine poet and a good dramatist, but unfortunately he did not live to have this promise realized. While every writer on early American poetry has thus made the usual mention of Godfrey and his work, none of them has advanced our knowledge of the man one step further than it was when the first edition of his Juvenile Poems, which included his tragedy, The Prince of Parthia, was published in 1765.

In a century and a half nothing has been done to obtain any new light concerning one of the first native poets, and certainly our first dramatic writer of any importance. One writer has followed another, and very few additional facts have been accumulated in the process, although Poe, who died less than half so many years ago, has been the subject of constant and interminable research.

I do not mention this comparison with any view that Poe is unworthy of all the care and study that can be bestowed upon his career or his works, but merely to show how a poet, whose career has been shown by Professor Henderson to have been of genuine interest, might have been better known had something of this modern spirit of research been begun earlier.