Rud. 3. 4. 63. Men. 1. 4. 2. Gellius 20. 8. has also defiunt.

VIII.) Infit begins, often occurs in poets: e. g. farier infit; or infit, scil. dicere: e. g. Liv. 3. 71. ibi infit. cf. Ovid. Met. 4. 475: Virg. Æneid. 10. 860. The plur. infiunt, Mart. Cap. 2: infe, in Glossis: according to Priscian 8, Varro used infio: no more of it occurs.

IX.) Cedo tell, say, give: sing. and plur.: it is a peculiar imperative (unless it be rather the verb cedo, cessi &c. I yield, grant, that something be said, given). In Plautus we even find the plural cedite, and contr. cette; Merc. 5. 4. 4. cette dextras nunc: cette manus vestras, Enn. ap. Non. 2. 122: is vestrorum uter sit, cette (i. e. dicite) Pacuv. ap. Non. ibid.

X.) Quæso, ask, pray, quæsumus, we &c.: Plautus Bacch. 2. 2. 1. uses the infinit. quæsere: Lucret. 5. 1228. quæsit: quæsivit, Sallust. ap. Priscian. 10.: quæsens, Apul. Met. 4. p. 147. 19. Elmenh. where ed. Oudendorp. has quærens. Also quæso, i. e. quæro, has imperat. quæse, Plaut. ap. Non. 1. 213.

XI.) From dari, fari, we find not the first persons indic. and conjunct. dor, der, for, fer: we, therefore, do not now use them: yet they are mentioned by the grammarian Diomedes.

XII.) Scio does not make sci in the imperat. Scito is used instead.

XIII.) Of apage, apage te, begone, away-withyou, nothing more occurs: which may be accounted for, since it is properly the Greek imperat. άжɑyɛ, abduc take away, carry away, from άrάya abduco: thus

apage te, means take thyself away, begone: so Pollio ad Cic. in Epp. Cic. ad Div. 10. 32. duxit se a Gadibus, i. e. abiit, and ducere se is at times used by Plautus for ire. When apage stands alone, te must be understood. It is self-evident that it can only be used of the second person sing.

XIV.) From ovare exult, triumph, scarcely more occur in writers, than ovat, ovet, ovaret, ovandi, ovans, ovatus (Persius) and ovaturus: if more occur it should be remarked.

§ 8.

Of Impersonal Verbs.

Impersonal verbs are those, of which only the third person sing. is used, and without a preceding grammatical person (e. g. pater, res, homo &c.) or, in other words, without a nom. of the subject: as, oportet it is necessary, statur it is stood, they stand. They are of two kinds some have an active, others a passive termination :

I.) Some have an active termination, and come from verbs in o; as libet or lubet it pleases, licet it is lawful, piget me it irks me, e. g. for the labour, tædet it wearies me, so pertædet; lucescit, or luciscit, it grows daylight; of which we generally find only the third person, without nominative. Yet sometimes a nominative precedes, and they are used personally : e. g. quod libet, Cic. Quint. 30: quæ libuissent, Sueton. Cæs. 20: quantum liceat vobis, Cic. Rab. Post. 5: quid liceat, Cic. Manil. 19: quæ licent, Senec. Controv. 4. 25: omnia liceant, Senec. de Clement. 1. 18: id ei licet, Cic. Phil. 13. 5: quod (for cuius rei) piget,

Plaut. Pseud. 1. 3. 47; where quod may be either nom. or accus.: so, quod nos pigeat, Terent. Phorm. 3. 3. 21: nonæ lucescunt, Ovid. Fast. 5. 417: hoc luciscit (lucescit) iam, it will soon be day, Plaut. Amph. 3. 1. 45 Terent. Heaut. 3. 1. 1: sol lucescit, Virg. Ecl. 6. 37 (ego) cœpi tædere captivitatis, Hieron. in vita Malchi, 7: quæ parit et tæduit animam, Lactant. 4. 19. To these are added, 1.) decet it becometh, dedecet it becometh not, miseret it pitieth scil. me, I have compassion; for which miserescit and miseretur are used: oportet it is necessary, pudet it shameth (me), pœnitet it repenteth (me), which are commonly used only in the third person sing. and without a preceding nominative. Yet we find them used also personally, partly with a nominative of the subject, and partly in other persons: as id deceat, Cic. Rab. Post. 5: id quemque decet, Cic. Offic. 1. 31: quam se aliena deceant, ibid. hæc me vestis deceat, Plaut. Most. 1. 3. 10: quæ (corona) possit crines, Phoebe, decere tuos, Ovid. Fast. 2. 105: si quid dedeceat, Cic. Off. 1. 41 dedecui, Stat. Theb. 10. 334: nec dominam motæ dedecuere comæ, Ovid. Am. 1. 7. 12: miseret ipse sui, Lucret. 3. 894: miserete anuis (for anus), Enn. ap. Non. 7. 58: cogebant hostes, ut misererent, Enn. ap. Priscian. 8: pudeo, Plaut. Cas. 5. 2. 3; pudeat tacitus, Gell. 5. 1: non te hæc pudent? Terent. Ad. 4. 7. 36: quem sæva pudebunt, Lucan. 8. 495: Etolos, si pœnitere possint, posse et incolumes esse, Liv. 36.22: nunc pœnitebunt, Pacuv. ap. Non. 7. 63: Athenienses primi pœnitere cœperunt, Justin. 11. 3: oportent and oportebant stand in some editions of Terent. And. 3. 2. 1: Heaut. 3. 2. 25: where more editions have oportet and oportebat. So miseresco and mise

reor are used personally. 2.) To these some add, tonat it thunders, pluit it rains, ningit it snows, fulgurat it lightens, grandinat it hails, vesperascit it grows evening, and the foregoing lucescit or luciscit, it grows daylight. Yet the most learned grammarians here understand a nominative, as cœlum, deus &c. deus pluit or pluvia pluit: deus fulgurat &c. It is true that God lets it rain, lighten &c.: but here we inquire not, what the ancients should have thought, but what they actually thought and wrote: and as we say, God lightens, and it lightens, without, in the second instance, thinking of God, the ancients may equally have said, fulgurat it lightens &c. We may, therefore, call these verbs impersonal, whenever they have not a nominative. They are, however, likewise used personally and in the plural: as Iupiter tonabat, Prop. 4.1.7: Iupiter tona, Senec. Med. 531: effigies, quæ pluit, Plin. H. N. 2. 56: tantum glandis pluit, Virg. Geor. 4. 81: bellaria pluebant, Stat. Sylv. 1.6. 10: ningunt, Lucret. 2. 627: Iove fulgurante, Cic. Div! 2. 18 therefore they said, Iupiter fulgurat: cœlo vesperascente, Nep. Pelop. 2.: die vesperascente, Tacit. Ann. 16. 34 whence they must have said coelum, dies vesperascit. Finally to these belong, 3.) some verbs of which the third personal termination is indeed used personally, but only impersonally, i. e. without a nom. prefixed, in a particular signification: as interest it concerns, (interest means, is amongst,) refert it concerns (also, he relates), vacat there is leisure, there is room to which they add, constat it is clear or manifest, præstat it is better, fit it happens, iuvat it delights, attinet (adt.) it pertains (ad me), conducit it is advantageous, contingit it befals, accidit it befals,

evenit it occurs, convenit it suits, expedit it is advantageous, patet it is open, clear, restat, solet, sufficit &c. Yet these are often used with a nominative of the subject, as res mira accidit; they are, therefore, not in themselves impersonal, as interest, refert, vacat: we can only say that they are often used without a nominative of the subject, i. e. impersonally. But then we must add more: e. g. potest; as, potest fieri: est; as, est notum &c. We might also divide impersonal verbs, partly into those which are sometimes so, partly into those which are always so. Also any one, who can conjugate, may see directly to which conjugation each of them belongs: viz. those in at to the first: those in et to the second: interest is like sum: refert is like refero &c.

1.) To the first: as tonat, tonabat, tonuit, tonuerat, tonabit, tonuerit: Conj. tonet, tonaret, &c. Infinit. tonare, tonuisse; so fulgurat &c.

2.) To the second: oportet, oportebat, oportuit, oportuerat, oportebit, oportuerit: Conj. oporteat, oporteret, oportuerit, oportuisset; Imperat. fails; Infinit. oportere, oportuisse; it is often translated must, as oportet me discere, or oportet (ego) discam, I must learn &c. Thus are conjugated all in et: as pœnitet (me), pœnitebat &c.: Piget, pigebat, piguit, or pigitum est: Decet, decebat, decuit: Pudet, uit or itum est. But miseret makes miserebat, misertum (or miseritum) est: we have also miseretur for miseret: Libet (mihi), libebat, libuit and libitum est: Licet (mihi) licebat, licuit and licitum est: Tædet, tædebat, tæsum est, Plaut. Most. 1. 4. 4. or tæduit, Sidon. ep. S. 15: Lactant. 4. 19; so pertædet, pertæsum est &c. Note. Libitum and licitum also mean what pleases, is allowed, whence libitum est, it pleases, licitum est, it is allowed, so libitum erat, erit &c.

3.) To the third as accidit, contingit: miserescit e. g. me tui; for which we have miseret and miseretur.