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THE TEMPLE Of Jupiter FerETRIUS

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142-144 VI.
On the Palatine Hill, in Roma Quadrata (?).—Construction the VII.
same as the earliest walls.-Tarpeian rock, so called because Tar-
peia was buried at the foot of it.-There was no gate there. (See
also Note G, p. 157.)

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This wall is the one mentioned by Dionysius, who says, "For
both these hills had already been encompassed with one wall."-The
lines can be clearly traced: on the north the scarped cliffs of the hill
of Saturn, connected on the west with the Pulchrum Littus, on
the bank of the Tiber; at the east end of that hill the deep foss
cuts it off from the Quirinal—then connected by a bank or rampart
(agger) from the south-east corner to the north end of the Velia.—
Excavations in 1872, in the Via di Marforio, shewed this connec-
tion, and the site of a gate.-Then the Velia, a small hill rather
higher than the Palatine, with the great Basilica of Constantine cut
out of it.—On the line of this connecting rampart are remains of
three of the old towers; one was on either side of the Forum of
Augustus, the third now the Tor dei Conti, the lower part of which
is very ancient. Then the eastern cliff of the Velia, cut off from
the Esquiline Hill by one of the great Fossæ Quiritium.—Then
the southern cliff of the Palatine to the Vallis Murcia, used as an-
other of the great fosse to isolate the City; and the west cliffs of
the Palatine with the Wall of the Second City at the foot of it, of
which also there are remains visible.—Then, from the north-west
corner, another rampart connected it with the south end of the Pul-
chrum Littus, which defends the western side of the City.
NOTE ON THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE CITY

149-156

OF ROME.
This is traced and made out plainly by the existing remains dug
out since 1850, and is entirely independent of Names, which belong
to written history, or were preserved by tradition perhaps from
a long period before they were committed to writing.-There was
no written history at the time of the foundation of Rome. The walls
themselves, compared with the walls to be seen of other ancient
cities on the hills of Italy, are the best evidence of their own history.
ROMA QUADRATA was not the whole Palatine Hill, but an oblong
space at the north end, of which the walls are visible.

THE MAMERTINE PRISON

161-176 XXXVII.

-

This is among the earliest and most interesting structures dis- XXXVIII.
covered of late years.-Notices of this prison in classical authors. XXXIX.
Celebrated persons imprisoned there.—Christian martyrs confined XL.
there, according to the legends of the Church.-The vestibule, now XLI.
under the Church of S. Guiseppe, or Joseph, and divided by a floor XLII,
into two chambers, is called the Prison of S. Peter.-The floor is
of travertine, of the time of Tiberius: this vestibule is 100 yards
from the body of the prison.—They are now connected by a sub-
terranean passage only, and that is not an original connection:

PAGE

there probably was none underground, but in the time of Tiberius one
appears to have been begun.-Two brick arches of that time are built
against a massive wall of tufa, of the time of the Kings, as if it was
intended to cut a passage through that, and this is at the corner nearest
to the vestibule.

The supplement describes the more recent excavations, in which these
brick arches were discovered. The farthest chamber to the north is the
Robur Tullianum, an addition to the original prison of Ancus Martius.
-This was the inner prison, the safest part. The only entrance was by
a man-hole in the vault of the roof. There was also an opening about
four feet square, for passing provisions to the prisoners, about ten feet
from the ground, at the original level, part of which has been excavated,
and the earth has been raised about six feet. This opening has been
altered into a doorway.—History of the statue of Mars in foro.

Extract from Dr. Newman about the State prisons of the Romans.

THE LUPERCAL

PLATE

177-185 XLIII.

Extract from Dionysius.-A subterranean cave-reservoir, partly na- XLIV.

tural, and part built against it, at the north-west corner of the Palatine,

in the valley near the church of S. Anastasia. The walls of the time of

Augustus.-Covered by vaults over the two long narrow divisions.

These walls and vaults have been covered with rich stucco ornament,

which has fallen down.-In this cave, streams of good drinking-water

gush out of the rock in great abundance: this is collected in a specus,

and conveyed to the Cloaca Maxima, near the church of S. Georgio in

Velabro, after passing through a modern mill, for which the cave-

reservoir is used as a mill-dam. The water was formerly called Aqua

Argentina, and is believed to have run underground, from the fountain of

Egeria in the valley of the Cœlian near the Porta Capena: it has always

had the reputation of miraculous power, and is believed to be slightly

saline. The only entrance to this cave is by a ladder down a well, at

the angle of the Via de' Cerchi and the Via de' Fienili. The situation

of it agrees exactly with the description by Dionysius, which is extant.

-It was rebuilt by Augustus, and is mentioned in the Inscriptio Ancy-

rana.-An entrance might easily be made from the Infima Nova Via,

or street of Julius Cæsar, under the Church of S. Anastasia; and such

a passage is said to have existed within the memory of man. The water

might be made a better use of than to turn the wheel of a mill.-The

Lupercal games are mentioned by Dionysius and Plutarch.-The cave

was almost in the Circus Maximus, near the Carceres, which agrees

with the description of the games by Ovid; and the site agrees exactly

with that mentioned by Virgil, (passage quoted).—Early sculpture of

the wolf and the twins.

ROMULUS.-BOYS NURTURED BY WOLVES

SUPPLEMENT.

PAGE PLATE

THE FIRST WALL OF ROME-The Foss of Roma Quadrata 195-199 XLVII.
The foss was excavated by Signor Rosa for Napoleon III. The XLVIII.
walls across it, by which it was filled up in the time of Domitian, can XLIX.
now be seen in some places; they are left open in a pit behind the
apse or tribune of the great hall of Domitian, and in the subterranean
chamber called the Bath-chamber of Livia, in which there is a fine
picture of her time on the vault. The older walls of these chambers
were recklessly cut through to erect the walls across the foss in the
time of Domitian. The foss extended from the Arch of Titus on the
east, to the Germalus over the Circus Maximus on the west. There
are remains of the paved road at the bottom of the foss, and of an-
other paved road going up from thence on the south side for the
entrance into the City, as distinct from the Citadel or Roma Quadrata,
which is on the north side of the foss. Part of the wall against the
north cliff of the foss remains visible, although now underground, and
partly concealed by a corridor of the time of Domitian built up against
it. This wall is also part of the south wall of Roma Quadrata.
THE SECOND WALL OF ROME

200-204 L.
Part of the east wall used, and partly rebuilt for the great wall of LI.
the Forum of Augustus, is now standing, with the Temple of Mars LII.
Ultor built up against it.-Other remains of it, opposite to the north-
west end of the Colosseum, are used to support the platform of the LIII.
Summa Sacra Via, on which the Monastery of S. Francesca Romana
now stands.-The west wall is the Pulchrum Littus, on the bank of LVIII.
the Tiber, in the Port of Rome.
LIX.

THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME AS SEPARATE HILL FORTRESSES 205-214
At the time of the foundation of Rome, no habitation was secure
unless protected by walls or cliffs of considerable height. The inha-
bitants lived in huts, similar to the huts used by the peasants in the
Pontifical States, as shewn in the view of the old walls of Gabii, with XLVI.
the huts at the foot. Each hill, as it was inhabited, was therefore
also fortified. Remains of the walls against the cliffs are still visible
on each of them. On the Cœlian near the church of S. Gregory.
On the Aventine, in several places, near S. Prisca, S. Sabba, S. Bal-
bina, the Priorato, and S. Sabina. On the Quirinal in the garden of
the Colonna and of the Quirinal Palaces. On the Viminal, against
the cliff of the valley opposite to S. Vitale, on the line of the Via
Nazionale. On the Esquiline they are almost entirely concealed by
later walls built up against them.-But the three colies were better
defended by the great agger of Servius Tullius.-The Capitoline
Hill, additional evidence for the Capitolium.—The Palatine Hill.-
The Coelian Hill.-The Lateran Palace.

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The Porta Capena, the Fountain of Egeria, and the Grove of the LV.
Muses, were in the short valley between the Coelian and the Aven- LVI.
tine, which was called by the general name of PORTA CAPENA.—
The aggeres of Servius Tullius.

LVII.

AND

WALLS OF THE KINGS.

CHAP. I. THE ANCIENT EARTHWORKS.

SECT. I. INTRODUCTION.

THE history and the remains of the Primitive Fortifications of ancient Rome must be judged of by the same rules as other fortifications of the same kind and of about the same period. The kings of Rome were contemporary with the kings of Israel and Judah, and the wars of the Jews described in the historical books of the Old Testament throw more light on the fortifications of this period than we have anywhere else. They agree also with the existing remains not in Judea only, but in Italy and other countries also. Such fortifications always consist mainly of earthworks. Stone walls were used to keep up the earth, and prevent it from slipping down by the action of the weather. A stone wall was built against a scarped cliff on the edge of a hill, as on each of the seven hills of Rome, or against the face of a great bank of earth forming an artificial hill, such as the Agger and Wall of Servius Tullius. Such walls were used as enclosures only, for the defence of the dwellings of the inhabitants, and such cities are often called in Scripture, "Cities of Refuge," because the shepherds and the herdsmen of the neighbourhood could take refuge in them with their flocks and herds, for which space was always provided; but there were no buildings of a permanent character within these walls and earthworks during the early period. The earliest buildings in any city are the temples, and these are generally at least a century later than the walls, as at Gabii, Fiesole, and many other ancient cities.

To fortify our dwellings against enemies or intruders is an instinct of human nature, and from the earliest period of the history of man we find traces of fortifications. The early inhabitants of the earth lived either in caves, or in huts formed of wicker-work, or wattle-work and wood, with thatched roofs. Such habitations continued to be the usual dwellings of the human race for many centuries, and similar structures are still in use in many parts of the world, and even in some parts of England and Wales, under the name of the huts of the shepherd or the charcoal-burner; but with us they are

generally used for temporary purposes only. In Italy, the peasantry still reside habitually in such dwellings, which, at a little distance, have the appearance of haystacks or ricks of corn, and it is not until we are close to them that we see that they are provided with an aperture serving the double purpose of a door and window, that they are hollow, and that each is the habitation of a family. Such habitations are evidently open to every sort of attack, and for this reason they were soon collected together in villages, which afterwards grew into towns.

These villages or towns were surrounded by a bank of earth and a wide deep trench, out of which the earth for the bank had been taken. There are often two trenches, one on each side of the bank, and when the town was large the inner trench served as a road for the soldiers to man the walls, and for the sentinel's path. On the top of the bank a wall of wood, with wooden towers, was placed, or sometimes a palisade only. These early fortifications were generally placed on the tops of the hills for greater security. The edge of the hill was then cut into vertical cliffs, and the earth or stone that was cut off to make a perpendicular surface naturally formed a bank or terrace at the foot of the cliff, and below that a second cliff was necessary, with a wall built up against it. This wall was originally of wood only, afterwards of stone.

In process of time the summits of nearly all the hills became fortified in this manner, and a whole district of country was protected by a chain of these fortified hills, and the narrow gorges between them, which were easily defended also. This became what is called a chain of fortresses, to defend the borders of a country; and when war was expected, the first thing to do was to prepare these fortresses for defence, and supply them with provisions. We read frequently of such fortresses in the history of the Jews, the earliest authentic history that we possess. Thus when the Hebrews were expecting to be attacked by Holofernes, the general of Nabuchodonosor, king of Assyria, the first step was to prepare the fortresses, as we read in the fourth chapter of the Book of Judith :—

"Now the children of Israel that dwelt in Judea heard all that Holofernes, the chief captain of Nabuchodonosor, king of the Assyrians, had done to the nations. ... Therefore they sent into all the coasts of Samaria and the villages . . . and possessed themselves beforehand of all the tops of the high mountains, and fortified the villages that were in them, and laid up victuals for the provision of war...

Whole villages formed of huts of this primitive description still remain within sight of S. Peter's in many directions. There was a very remarkable village of this kind at Gabii, under the old walls, which forcibly brought to mind the days

of the foundation of Rome. (This is shewn in my photograph, No. 1582, and in the engraving of it, Plate I. of the Supplement to this part of the work. It was destroyed, and the ground ploughed up, by the proprietor, in 1872.)

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