Hannibal in Italy. On reaching the Po, he is confronted by Scipio, ch. 39. Scipio's speech to his army, (for an outline, see the notes,) ch. 40, 41. Hannibal, after a contest of the captives, addresses his soldiers (see notes), and makes promises of rewards, ch. 42-45. Defeat of the Romans in a cavalry engagement on the Ticinus, and withdrawal of Scipio to Placentia, ch. 46, 47. Mutiny of the Gallic auxiliaries of the Romans, ch. 48. Roman naval successes near Sicily, ch. 49-51. Sempronius recalled to aid Scipio. A slight success makes him confident, ch. 52, 53. Hannibal prepares for battle and lays an ambush, ch. 54, 55. Disastrous defeat of the Romans on the Trebia. Its effect on Rome. Operations during the winter of 218-217, ch. 56, 57. Hannibal attempts unsuccessfully to cross the Apennines, ch. 58. Indecisive battle near Placentia, ch. 59.

Roman successes in Spain, ch. 60, 61. Prodigies at and near Rome, ch. 62. Election of consuls. Flaminius goes to Ariminum to enter on his office without performing the customary religious and ceremonial rites, ch. 63.

BOOK XXII.

With the coming of spring, 217, the war is renewed. Prodigies at Rome, ch. 1. Hannibal, leaving the Po, crosses the Apennines to Etruria. Owing to the inundation of the country, his army suffers severely, and he loses an eye, ch. 2. By devastating the country, Hannibal seeks to draw Flaminius to a battle. Flaminius, in opposition to the advice of his council, follows in pursuit, ch. 3. Flaminius, proceeding without reconnaissance, is drawn into a trap at Lake Trasumennus, disastrously defeated, and loses his own life. Terrible anxiety at Rome intensified by the capture of a division of cavalry in Umbria, ch. 4-8.

Hannibal reorganizes his army and proceeds southward to Apulia. The Sibylline books are consulted, ch. 9. Temples and a sacred spring are vowed, and Fabius is appointed dictator, ch. 10. Fabius, raising a new army, maintains a purely defensive policy, contrary to the views of Minucius, the master of horse, ch. 11, 12. Hannibal, seeking a battle, is lead by a mistake of his guides, ch. 13, into Campania, which he plunders. Indignation of Minucius and the

army at Fabius' inactivity, ch. 14. Fabius, having occupied the passes from Campania, Hannibal forces a pass in the night by the stratagem of torches bound to the horns of oxen, and returns to Apulia, ch. 15-18.

Roman successes in Spain: an important naval victory, ch. 19; ravaging of the coast and islands, ch. 20; incitement of the Carthaginian allies to revolt, ch. 21; and securing possession of the hostages given by the Spaniards to the Carthaginians, ch. 22.

Fabius' defensive policy disliked by the Romans, ch. 23. In the absence of Fabius at Rome Minucius secures a slight success, ch. 24. The discontented party at Rome, led by Varro, a man of mean origin, gives Minucius equal authority with Fabius. The army is divided between them, ch. 25–27. Hannibal entraps Minucius, who is rescued by Fabius, and then returns under Fabius' authority, ch. 28-30. Servilius makes an unsuccessful descent on Africa, ch. 31. The consuls continue Fabius' policy. Offer of gifts and assistance by the Neapolitans, ch. 32. Capture of a Carthaginian spy at Rome, ch. 33.

Elections held by an interrex. C. Terentius Varro and L. Aemilius Paulus chosen consuls, ch. 34, 35. An unprecedentedly large army is raised to crush Hannibal, ch. 36. Offers of help from Hiero of Syracuse, ch. 37. Fabius cautions Paulus against Hannibal and Varro, ch. 38, 39. The consuls go to Apulia, ch. 40. A slight success emboldens Varro, who is barely kept by Paulus from falling into a trap of Hannibal's, ch. 41, 42. Hannibal, in distress for supplies, encamps at Cannae and is followed by the consuls, ch. 43, 44. Battle of Cannae, ending in the total rout of the Romans and the death of Paulus. A few Romans only escape, ch. 45–50. Hannibal refuses Maharbal's advice to march on Rome, ch. 51. Surrender of the Roman camps to Hannibal. Kindness of Busa to the fugitives, ch. 52.

A plot of some young nobles to abandon their country thwarted by Scipio, ch. 53. Varro collects the fugitives. News of the battle reaches Rome. The Senate represses confusion and on receipt of dispatches limits the period of official mourning, ch. 54-56. Unchastity of two Vestals punished. Human sacrifices. Other measures, ch. 57. Hannibal releases the other prisoners and allows a

deputation of Romans to go to Rome to obtain ransom, ch. 58. Speech of the leader of the deputation in the Senate (see notes), ch. 59. Reply of T. Manlius Torquatus, (see notes,) ch. 60. Determination not to ransom the prisoners. Revolt of Roman allies. The Romans, however, are firm, and Varro on his return is thanked for "not having despaired of the republic," ch. 61.

TITI LIVII

AB URBE CONDITA LIBER XXI.

In parte operis mei licet mihi praefari, quod in 1 principio summae totius professi plerique sunt rerum scriptores, bellum maxime omnium memorabile, quae umquam gesta sint, me scripturum, quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere. Nam neque validiores opibus ullae inter se civitates 2 gentesque contulerunt arma, neque his ipsis tantum umquam virium aut roboris fuit, et haud ignotas belli artes inter sese, sed expertas primo Punico conferebant bello, et adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit, ut propius periculum fuerint, qui vicerunt. Odiis etiam 3 prope maioribus certarunt quam viribus, Romanis indignantibus, quod victoribus victi ultro inferrent arma, Poenis, quod superbe avareque crederent imperitatum victis esse. Fama est etiam Hannibalem annorum 4 ferme novem pueriliter blandientem patri Hamilcari, ut duceretur in Hispaniam, cum perfecto Africo bello exercitum eo traiecturus sacrificaret, altaribus admotum tactis sacris iure iurando adactum se, cum primum posset, hostem fore populo Romano. Angebant ingen- 5 tis spiritus virum Sicilia Sardiniaque amissae: nam et Siciliam nimis celeri desperatione rerum concessam, et Sardiniam inter motum Africae fraude Romanorum