receptis filiis gaudio mortuae sunt. Ob hanc cladem ex Sibyllinis libris ver sacrum votum. Cum deinde Q. Fabius Maximus dictator adversus Hannibalem missus nollet acie cum eo confligere, ne contra ferocem tot victoriis hostem territos adversis proeliis milites pugnae committeret, et opponendo se tantum conatus Hannibalis impediret, M. Minucius magister equitum, ferox et temerarius, criminando dictatorem tamquam segnem et timidum effecit, ut populi iussu aequaretur ei cum dictatore imperium; divisoque exercitu cum iniquo loco conflixisset et in maximo discrimine legiones eius essent, superveniente cum exercitu Fabio Maximo [discrimine] liberatus est.

Quo benefi

cio victus castra cum eo iunxit et patrem eum salutavit idemque facere milites iussit. Hannibal, vastata Campania inter Casilinum oppidum et Calliculam montem a Fabio clusus, sarmentis ad cornua boum alligatis et incensis praesidium Romanorum, quod Calliculam insidebat, fugavit et sic transgressus est saltum. Idemque Fabi Maximi dictatoris, cum circumposita ureret, agrc pepercit, ut illum tamquam proditorem suspectum faceret. Aemilio deinde Paulo et Terentio Varrone consulibus [et] ducibus cum maxima clade adversus Hannibalem ad Cannas pugnatum est, caesaque eo proelio Romanorum XLV cum Paulo consule et senatoribus XC et consularibus aut praetoribus aut aediliciis XXX. Post quae cum a nobilibus adulescentibus propter desperationem consilium de relinquenda Italia iniretur, P. Cornelius Scipio tribunus militum, qui Africanus postea vocatus est, stricto super capita deliberantium ferro iuravit se pro hoste habiturum eum, qui in verba sua non iurasset, effecitque, ut omnes non relictum iri a se Italiam iure iurando adstringerentur. Propter paucitatem militum VIII servorum armata sunt. Captivi, cum potestas esset redimendi, redempti non sunt. Praeterea trepidationem urbis et luctum et res in Hispania meliore eventu gestas continet. Opimia et Florentia Vestales virgines incesti damnatae sunt. Varroni obviam itum et gratiae actae, quod de re publica non desperasset.

NOTES

TO

BOOK XXI.

In the references to editors, F. Fabri; L. Luterbacher; Mg. Madvig; T. Tücking; W. Weissenborn; Wfl. = Wölfflin. Other names are given in full. Näg. Nägelsbach's Lateinische Stilistik. In references to the grammars, A. & G. Allen & Greenough; G.= Gildersleeve; H. Harkness.

1. 1-5. Preface and historical introduction.

1. parte: ten books of Livy's history, 21-30, containing the account of the Second Punic War, form so important and integral a part of the whole as to deserve a special introduction. — in principio summae totius: corresponds to in parte; the simple abl. is also used, especially in temporal expressions, e.g. with veris, belli; cf. ch. 15. 4; 48. 10. — totius: attributive to summae. — plerique used by Caesar, Cicero, and Sallust as a superlative, by Livy and the later writers often weakened to multi, nonnulli. — rerum (sc. gestarum, 2. 1. 1; praef. 1. 3) scriptores: writers who paid some attention to rhetorical form in distinction from the annalists (auctores, 10. 9. 12), who contented themselves with the bare statement of facts; perhaps Coelius Antipater, certainly Thucydides, 1. 1; cf. Sall. Jug. 5. quae . . . gesta sint: not quod . . . gestum sit; cf. Sall. Jug. 14. 2, Jugurtha homo omnium quos terra sustinet sceleratissimus. By umquam the view is extended beyond Roman history. Hannibale duce: although Hannibal was the. leading spirit in the war, as implied in the position of these words and in the fact that the war is often called the "Hannibalic War," cf. bellum Mithradaticum, yet the Carthaginians, by accepting his leadership, publico consilio (ch. 18. 1) and by actually supporting him (ch. 21. 11; 49. 2 and 4; 23. 13. 7) were responsible for it. Carthaginienses: placed first to represent them as the aggressors, refers to the state, the body politic; Poeni, as a name, to the people generally. At the close of the war the Carthaginians attempted to throw the blame upon Hannibal; cf. 30. 22. 1.

2. neque. neque... et. . . et: four reasons are given for the importance of the war, two negative and two affirmative; then follows a sentence introduced by etiam, giving the subjective reason for the fierceness of the struggle. - opibus: material resources, the ability to provide money and provisions, etc. - virium aut roboris: vigorous national strength, consisting in the unity, bravery, and patriotism of the orders, the probity of the leaders, and the strictness of discipline. States, like individuals, have their pueritia, adulescentia, iuventus, senectus, and Carthage and Rome were then in their prime. inter sese, sed: the cacophony is relieved by the punctuation, as in 26. 34. 13; cf. ch. 22. 8, post sese serpentem. —propius and proxime are often used by Livy and Sallust as prepositions with the acc., as in ch. 24. 3; 25. 1. 11, propius inopiam; 2. 48. 5, proxime formam latrocinii. - fuerint: Livy often uses the perf. for the imperf. in consecutive clauses, to present rather a historic fact than a result; cf. ch. 2. 6; 15. 4; 25. 3; 22. 5. 8, &c. A. & G. 287, c. ; G. 513; H. 495, VI.

3. The fifth reason for the importance of the war prepares the way for the historical introduction. — ultro: often denotes what happens beyond or contrary to expectation, and may be approximately translated by "actually," or here, "should presume. superbe avareque: because the Romans, taking advantage of the straits of Carthage after the "Mercenary War," deprived her of Sardinia, and forced her to pay, in addition to the 2200 talents required at the close of the war in Sicily, an indemnity of 1200 talents ($1,400,000) for the expenses incurred by the Romans in preparing to prevent the Carthaginians from recovering Sardinia, which had revolted against them. Momms. Hist., Bk. III. 3.

...

4. fama etymologically of oral tradition; cf. ch. 20. 9; 46. 10; here of the report of historians, as in ch. 22. 6; 22. 61. 5; 25. 17. 4, varia est fama, alii . . . alii . . . tradunt. The story here in question is variously reported. Pol. 3. 12. 2; Nepos, Hann. 2. 3; only Appian. Hisp. 9 says λéyeтO. -annorum: gen. of quality, as in 22. 60. 5. — blandientem: construed with ut as a verb of asking. – Africo bello: the failure of Carthage to pay her mercenaries at the close of the First Punic War, 241 B.C., led them to mutiny. They were joined by the African subjects of Carthage, and the

-ho

five years' struggle that followed was marked by such atrocious cruelties that it was called the "Inexpiable War." For a powerful description of this war, see Flaubert's Salammbo; cf. § 5. stem fore: the oath, as given in the best sources, was never to be a friend to Rome" (35. 19. 3; Pol. 3. 11. 7; Nep. Hann. 2. 4), and this was what the father wished and the son could readily

swear.

1.5-2. 7, Hamilcar and Hasdrubal.

5. ingentis spiritus, proud-spirited: implying perhaps that Hamilcar aimed too high and overestimated his strength. — amissae: the use of perfect participles in agreement with nouns instead of verbal nouns with the genitive, though found in all writers, is specially characteristic of Livy; ch. 2. 6; 15. 2; 28. 5, &c.; A. & G. 292, a ; G. 667, Rem. 2; H. 549, n. 2. With the loss of these islands went the control of the Mediterranean. Of Sicily, only the western part was given up; the eastern part was the kingdom of Hiero. — nam, for he felt that: a common brachylogy in Livy; cf. ch. 16. 3. Hamilcar was still unconquered on Mt. Eryx when Sicily was given up by treaty; hence nimis celeri. concessam: evacuated by surrender in opposition to Sardiniam fraude interceptam, because the Romans then joined the revolted subjects of Carthage, and dishonorably kept the island; cf. § 3; 26. 51. 12, furto; 36. 31. 10, per fraudem intercipere. The dative is usually joined with concedere to denote the person benefited by the action.-insuper: besides the seizure of the island. The compound superinponere is used only in the literal meaning; e.g., 38. 56. 3, statuam monumento. See on 22. 2. 8; 51. 9.

2. 1. his anxius curis: resumes the thought of angebant, interrupted by the inf. clause; cf. ch. 57.1. Hamilcar's distress was not solely on account of the Carthaginian losses, though these words do not refer to the future, but arose from his perception of the inevitable struggle between his country and Rome. Carthage's naval supremacy was gone, and Hamilcar's campaigns in Spain were for the purpose of creating a new base of operations against Rome. There were already Phoenician colonies in Spain, and the country was rich in mines and soldiers, so that here new armies might be provided without exhausting Carthage. — sub recentem, immediately after. In temporal expressions sub means “just before"